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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Open head injury
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Penetrating
surgical intervention: reduce swelling remove bone fragments relieve pressure Something has entered head and swelling resumts (projectile, knife, etc.) causes diffuse injury diffuse goes away- problem more generalized brain is shaken prognosis varies= less severe in long run because injury is localized faster functioning returns the more likely to see impact later imporvement past one year doesn't really exist connectionism- everything is connected no regeneration or regrowth of brain tissue |
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hydrocephalus
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water on brain
spinal fluid builds up in brain happens in open head injuries |
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connectionism
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different tissue of brain connected to different skills
damaged area is related to area that's injured focal deficits happens in open head injuries |
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plasticity
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ability to transfer functions from a damaged area to another
works better in younger brain happens in open head injuries |
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closed head injury
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Blunt head injury
3 layers of tissue line brain between skull- shock absorbers if layers get overwhelmed brain sloshes up against inner layer of skull 3 neuropathologies: 1. force of impact injuries 2. shearing injuries 3. secondary damage |
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3 major types of closed head injuries
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1. force of impact injuries
2. shearing injuries 3. secondary damage |
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Force of impact injuries
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static injury- sitting still and something hits the head
coup- place where impact occurs first brain forced forward and bounces to back side contra coup- place where brain hits opposite side of skull may be more severe than coup damage |
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deficits
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aphasia: language
hemiparesis: loss of motor functioning in half of body hemionopsia: without half of vision memory decreased processing speed decreased |
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coup
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place where impact occurs first
brain forced forward and bounces to back side |
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contracoup
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place where brain hits opposite side of skull
may be more severe than coup damage |
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Causes dur to ischemia in brain during TBA
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reduction in ability to remove waste products of brain, leaving build up of toxins
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Shearing injuries
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combination of transitory (movement) and rotational acceleration
brain is moving and suddenly comes to a stop brain hits front of skull and hits projections in skull causing rips in layer, then brain moves down causing tearing impact injury as well when head in motion (car acident, shaken baby syndrome) |
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secondary damage
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physiological process that develops after trauma
bleeds collect (hematoma) swelling build up of cerebral spinal fluid build up of toxins major causes of deaths in brain injury |
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RAS
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reticular activating system
part of hind brain that keeps you alert or allows sleep in a concussion- loss of consciousness from any impact is affecting RAS returns to consciousness but not necessarily normal functioning |
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concussion
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loss of consciousness resulting from impact hitting RAS
(raticular activitating system)...keeps brain awake |
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coma
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concussion with long term loss of consciousness
can't be roused by noxious stimuli prognosis for open head injury- length of time in coma |
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contusion
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bruise on brain
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post concussion syndrome
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residual affects, very small differences
subtle changes in functioning occurs |
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TBI & Types
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traumatic brain injury
15-20 year old males Types: 1. open head injury (penetrating) 2. closed head injury (blunt) |
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Profile of TBI individual
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aphasia: language deficits
visual perception deficits hemiperesis hemionopsia sensory losses memory affected speed of processing decreased multitasking processing decreased |
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temporal lobes
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hearing
language comprehension Broca/Wernicke's area receptive/expressive language |
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parietal lobes
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tactile senses
visual, processing and integration of sensory information |
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occipital lobes
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visual information
back of head reading |
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frontal lobes
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executive functioning- brings rest together
origin of motor neurons organizer (thoughts and plans) motor ability personality intellectual integration moderation, modulation of emotions most frequent damage along with temporal higher order functioning judgment, abstract thinking |
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confabulation
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making up stories
unconsciously pathological, not intentional gaps in memory |
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post traumatic amnesia
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shorter memory problems
cannot learn new things from time of injury on remembers past blanket loss of all new memory |
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retrograde amnesia
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person doesn't remember accident or anything minutes or hours before
part of short term memory loss of of minutes to days prior to trauma |
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agnosia
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loss of ability to recognize certain stimuli
without sensory input, tactile, auditory, visual, gustatory, oral, idealization |
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long term memory deficit
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memory for a few minutes or hours only
cannot put it into long term memory to make it permanent |
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Rehabilitation of Blunt Head injury
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utilize people who are close and can monitor
no psychotherapy Individual feels: denial feel like held hostage sensitivity to noise sensitivity to light fatigue may utilize: diary so not to forget things calendar computer games: structure, interesting, focus attention, stimulating |
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CAT/CT Scan
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Diagnostic procedure
computerized axial tomography axial: rotating tomography: study of layers- 3D picture not 100% accurate sees abnormality OR deficit- not both |
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PET Scan
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positron emission tomography
radioactive subinjected into body dead spots do not absorb so shows problem areas better than CAT scan |
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EEG
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electro encephalogram
measures brain activity picks up live brain cells better for finding seizures |
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MRI
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(used to be called- Nucleur Magnetic Resonance) most popular and best most effective way of discovering TBI mesures presence of radio waves that live tissue gives off |
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simultaneous processing
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multi-tasks at the same time
difficulty for individuals who have TBI |
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general functioning/time
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impair ability to think things out
time may be elongated |
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regression of the brain
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brain more reactive than sophisticated
manifested in frequent naps regresses to childhood, infancy spontaneous |