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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do LISS and PEG do?
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They aid in sensitization of Coomb's reactions by helping to overcome physical barriers to let antigens and antibodies get closer to each other.
NOTE: LISS = Low Ionic Strength Saline PEG = Polyethylene Glycol |
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How long do you incubate at 37 C for:
LISS PEG No potentiating agent |
LISS = 10-15 minutes
PEG = 15-30 minutes No agent = 30-60 minutes |
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Which blood groups are subject to dosage effect? (4)
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Kidd
Duffy Rh MNS |
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What are the neutralizers for these antibodies?
ABO Lewis P1 Sda Chido and Rogers |
Neutralizers for these antibodies:
ABO: saliva Lewis: saliva P1: hydatid cyst fluid, pigeon egg fluid Sda: urine Chido and Rogers: serum |
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In ABO/H are type 1 and 2 chains free-floating or bound to RBC?
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Type 1: free-floating
Type 2: bound to RBC |
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What is the FUT2 gene also known as? What chromosome is it on? What is its function?
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FUT2:
- Secretor = Se - Chromosome 19 - Adds fucose to type 1 chains at terminal galactose and produces free-floating H-antigen |
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What is FUT1 gene also known as? What chromosome is it on? What is its function?
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FUT1:
- H gene - Chromosome 19 - Adds fucose to terminal galactose of type 2 chains and produces RBC bound H-antigen |
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What chromosome is A, B on?
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Chromosome 9
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What sugar does group A add?
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N-acetylgalactosamine gets added to type 1 or type 2 H-antigen.
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What sugar does group B add?
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Galactose gets added to type 1 or type 2 H-antigen.
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List from most to least H-antigen expression.
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O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
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When do ABO antigens appear on fetal RBC?
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6 weeks gestation
NOTE: reaches adult levels at 4 years of age |
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When do ABO antibodies appear?
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4 months of age
NOTE: reaches adult levels at 10 years of age |
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What is the purpose of Ulex europaeus?
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Ulex europaeus is a lectin which agglutinates cells with H-antigen.
NOTE: Bombay phenotype will not show agglutination with Ulex europaeus lectin. |
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What is the purpose of Dolichos biflorus?
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Dolichos biflorus is a lectin which agglutinates cells with A1-antigen.
NOTE: A2 or other A subtype people will not show agglutination with Dolichos biflorus lectin. |
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What is the purpose of Vicea graminea?
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Vicea graminea is a lectin which agglutinates cells with the N-antigen.
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How does ABO HDFN work?
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Group O people are able to make IgG anti-A or B in addition to IgM so group O moms may have HDFN with group A, B, or AB baby.
Moms with A, B, or AB blood type can't make IgG so no HDFN there. |
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What percentage of A people are A1? A2?
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A1 = 80%
A2 = 20% |
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What percentage of A2 and A2B form anti-A1? Is the IgM clinically significant?
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A2: 1-8%
A2B: 25% The IgM is not clinically significant but can cause blood testing discrepancies. |
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What is the mechanism of acquired B?
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Enteric infection in an A person results in bacterial deacetylation of group A sugar resulting in a group "B" appearing sugar.
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What is the B(A) phenotype?
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B(A) is a genetic phenotype characterized by inheritance of an ABO enzyme capable B and A antigens so forward type like Aweak-B, but reverse type as Anti-A+, Anti-B-. This reaction depends on the type of monoclonal Anti-A used in forward typing.
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What is the Bombay genotype?
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h-h, se-se
Do not make H, non-secretors |
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What is the para-Bombay genotype?
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h-h, Se-se or h-h, Se-Se
RBC will type like Bombay (O forward and reverse) but serum secretions show H and/or A and/or B. |
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Do para-Bombay people make Anti-H?
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Yes
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What is another name for the FUT3 gene? What chromosome? What does it do?
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FUT 3
- Le - chromosome 19 - Adds fucose to subterminal GlcNAc onto type 1 chains only |
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What is the genotype of a person who is:
1. Le(a+,b-) 2. Le(a-,b+) 3. Le(a-,b-) |
1. Le(a+,b-): se, Le
2. Le(a-,b+): Se, Le 3. Le(a-,b-): se, le |
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Can Le(a-,b+) people make anti-Le-a?
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No
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What Lewis phenotype is at risk for childhood UTI?
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Le(a-,b-)
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What disease is associated with Auto-anti-I?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
NOTE: IgM cold agglutinin |
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What disease is associated with Atuo-anti-i?
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EBV infection
NOTE: IgM cold agglutinin |
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What is the parvovirus B19 receptor?
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P antigen
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What is the P1 phenotype?
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Positive for P1 and P, negative for Pk
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What antibody is associated with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria?
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Anti-P
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What test is done to identify Anti-P in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria?
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Donath-Landsteiner biphasic hemolysin
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What is meant by biphasic IgG with anti-P specificity (found in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria)?
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IgG binds at low temperature and hemolysis on occurs after the blood is warmed up.
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What disease conditions are associated with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria?
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Syphillis in anyone (classic) or viral infections in kids (more common now)
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List the Rh frequencies from most to least common in Whites and Blacks.
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Whites: R1 > r > R2 > R0
Blacks: R0 > r > R1 > R2 NOTE: 1. R0 is the most common Blacks, least common in whites. 2. r is always second most common. 3. R1 always before R2. |
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What chromosome encodes the Rh genes?
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Chromosome 1
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Weak D testing is required for what people?
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Donors who are test as D-negative
Newborns who test as D-negative who have D-negative moms |
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What hematologic problems do Rh=null phenotype people have?
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Warm auto-hemolytic anemia with stomatocytes
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What is the G antigen?
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G = C+D
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What is the f antigen?
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f = c+e
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Which alloantibody is good at fixing complement?
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anti-Kidd
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What is the most common Duffy phenotype in Blacks?
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Fy(a-,b-) 68%
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What type of malaria resistance do Fy(a-b-) people have?
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Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium knowlesi
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What is the frequency of k? K?
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k = 99.8%
K = 10% |
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What is the McLeod phenotype?
Kx K and k Anti-Ku Clinical |
Kx absent
K and k decreased (not absent) anti-Ku absent Auto-immune hemolytic anemia with acanthocytes Occasional association with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, muscular dystrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa |
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What is the Kell null phenotype.
Kx K and k anti-Ku |
Kx is increased
K and k absent anti-Ku present |
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Frequency in Whites:
O A B AB |
Whites:
O 45% A 40% B 11% AB 4% |
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Frequencies in Blacks
O A B AB |
Blacks:
O 49% A 27% B 20% AB 4% |
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Frequencies in Asians:
O A B AB |
Asians:
O 40% A 28% B 27% AB 5% |
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Frequencies in Native Americans:
O A B AB |
Native Americans:
O 79% A 16% B 4% AB <1% |
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What's the type?
Forward: Anti-A+, Anti-B- Reverse: A1-, B+ |
A
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What's the type?
Forward: Anti-A+, Anti-B+ Reverse: A1-, B+ |
Acquired B
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What's the type?
Forward: Anti-A+, Anti-B+ Reverse: A1+, B- |
B(A) phenotype
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What's the type? (3)
Forward: Anti-A weak+, Anti-B- Reverse: A1+/-, B+ |
A2
Infant S/p massive transfusion with O RBC |
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What's the type?
Forward: Anti-A+, Anti-B- Reverse: A1-, B- |
Type A newborn
Type A with hypogammaglobulinemia/immune suppression/transplant etc... |
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What's the type?
Forward: Anti-A-, Anti-B- Reverse: A1+, B+ Screen: All cells + |
Bombay, para-Bombay
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What percentage of Whites are D+? Blacks?
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Whites: 85%
Blacks: 92% |