Transcription, Translation, Replication, Dna And Rna, Protein Formation... Yada Yada

Front 1

What is replication?

Back 1

All DNA is copied from other DNA. It is the process for making an exact copy of a DNA molecule (continuity)

Front 2

What is transcription?

Back 2

RNA is made from DNA

Front 3

What is translation?

Back 3

Proteins are made from RNA

Front 4

When does replication occur?

Back 4

Replication occurs before meiosis and mitosis and whenever new cells need to be made.

Front 5

What are the reasons that replication occurs

Back 5

for growth, repairing injuries, reproduction, maintenance, when cells get too large, and to fight illness.

Front 6

What are the steps of replication>

Back 6

-DNA helix unwinds and unzips (breaks the hydrogen bonds) and the enzyme helicase does this.
-DNA nulceotides join (base pair) with DNA bases on both parent strands using the enqyme DNA polymerase.
-The strands rewind and rezip so they can be used over again.
-the result is two new strands of DNA exactly like the old strand.

Front 7

Where does transcription begin?

Back 7

the site where transcription begins is the promoters

Front 8

What is transcription?

Back 8

transcription is dna making rna

Front 9

what are the steps of transcription?

Back 9

-DNA unwinds and opens with the help of helicase.
-One strand of DNA acts as a pattern while the other lies dominant
-RNA nucleotides join to the pattern strand with the help of RNA polymerase.
-When the RNA strand is complete it will leave and go to the ribosome
-DNA rezips and rewinds.

Front 10

What are the three major kinds of rna?

Back 10

rrna ribosomal
mrna messenger
trna transfer

Front 11

what is the function of ribosomal rna

Back 11

rrna maikes up the ribosome

Front 12

what is the function of messenger rna

Back 12

messenger rna takes the message from DNA to the ribosome

Front 13

what is the function of transfer rna

Back 13

transfer rna carries amino acids to the ribosome

Front 14

where does transcrition occur

Back 14

in the nucleus

Front 15

what molecules are present in transcription?

Back 15

in transcription, dna, rna, rna polymerase, rna nucleotides, helicase molecules are necessary

Front 16

mrna carries messages in the form of what?

Back 16

codons

Front 17

what are codons

Back 17

codons are groups of three bases on the mrna. each codon specifies one of the twenty amino acids.

Front 18

What is the genetic code?

Back 18

the genetic code is three mrna bases (codons) and the amino acids that they specify.

Front 19

how many codons are there and how many amino acids are there in the genetic code
?

Back 19

there are 64 codons and 20 amino acids approximately

Front 20

is the genetic code the same for all organisms?

Back 20

yes, all organisms use the same genetic code.

Front 21

what is the start codon?

Back 21

aug.... methionine

Front 22

what are the stop codons (good luck)

Back 22

UAA, UAG, UGA

Front 23

what are synonymous codons?

Back 23

synonymous codons are codons that are different, but code for the same amino acids.

Front 24

What is the function of trna

Back 24

trna takes the amino acid to the ribosome

Front 25

what is an anticodon

Back 25

an anticodon is a three base sequence on trna that base pairs with the codon on messenger rna. this ensures that the correct amino acide is brought into the growing polypeptide chain

Front 26

what is chromatin?

Back 26

tightly packed dna and protein

Front 27

what is a histone

Back 27

a histone is a protein that has DNA tightly coiled it.

Front 28

What is replication

Back 28

replication is when a cell duplicates its dna before it divides.

Front 29

what is dna polymerase?

Back 29

dna polymerase is the principal enzyme that is involved in DNA replication and it joins individual mucleotides to produce a DNA molecule... which is a polymer.

Front 30

what are genes

Back 30

genes are coded dna instruction that control the production of proteins within the cell.

Front 31

What is transcription?

Back 31

transcription is the process by which rna molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.

Front 32

what is rna polymerase?

Back 32

rna polymerase is required for transcription. It binds to dna and separates the dna strands. Rna polymerase uses one strand of dna as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNa.

Front 33

what are promoters.

Back 33

promoters are regions that rna polymerase will bind to. it will bind to nothing else. promoters are signals in dna that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA.

Front 34

what are introns

Back 34

introns are sequences of nucleotides that are not involved in the coding for proteins.

Front 35

what are extrons

Back 35

extrons are dna sequences that code for proteins.

Front 36

what is a codon

Back 36

a codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is added to the polypeptide.

Front 37

what is translation?

Back 37

transliation is the decoding of an mrna message into a polypeptide chain (protein)

Front 38

what is an anticodon

Back 38

an anticodon is the three unpaired bases on a trna molecule, they are complementary to one mrna codon

Front 39

what isa mutation

Back 39

a mutation is a change in the genetic material

Front 40

what is a point mutation

Back 40

a point mutation is a gene mutation that involves changes in one or a few mucleotide and they occur in a single point in the DNA sequence.

Front 41

what is a frameshift mutation

Back 41

a frameshift mutation is a change that includes the addition or deletion of a nucleotide and the bases are still read in groups of three, but those groupings are shifted for every codon that follows

Front 42

what is the start codon?

Back 42

aug.... methionine

Front 43

what are the stop codons (good luck)

Back 43

UAA, UAG, UGA

Front 44

what are synonymous codons?

Back 44

synonymous codons are codons that are different, but code for the same amino acids.

Front 45

What is the function of trna

Back 45

trna takes the amino acid to the ribosome

Front 46

what is an anticodon

Back 46

an anticodon is a three base sequence on trna that base pairs with the codon on messenger rna. this ensures that the correct amino acide is brought into the growing polypeptide chain

Front 47

what is chromatin?

Back 47

tightly packed dna and protein

Front 48

what is a histone

Back 48

a histone is a protein that has DNA tightly coiled it.

Front 49

What is replication

Back 49

replication is when a cell duplicates its dna before it divides.

Front 50

what is dna polymerase?

Back 50

dna polymerase is the principal enzyme that is involved in DNA replication and it joins individual mucleotides to produce a DNA molecule... which is a polymer.

Front 51

what are genes

Back 51

genes are coded dna instruction that control the production of proteins within the cell.

Front 52

What is transcription?

Back 52

transcription is a process by which rna molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of dna into a complementary sequence in rna

Front 53

what is rna polymerase?

Back 53

rna polymerase is required for transcription. it binds to dna and separates the dna strands rna polymerase uses one strand of dna s a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of rna.

Front 54

what are promoters

Back 54

rna polymerase will only bind to promoters and they are signals in dna that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make rna.

Front 55

what are introns

Back 55

introns are sequences of nucleotides that are not involved in coding for proteins.

Front 56

what are exons?

Back 56

exons are dna sequences that code for proteins

Front 57

what is a codon

Back 57

a codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is added to the polypeptide.

Front 58

what is translation

Back 58

translation is the decoding of an mrna message into a polypeptide chain

Front 59

what is an anticodon

Back 59

an anticodon is the three unpaired bases on a trna molecule and they are complementary to one mrna codon

Front 60

what is a mutation

Back 60

a mutation is the changes in the genetic material

Front 61

what are point mutations

Back 61

point mutations are gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides that occur in a single point in the dna sequence

Front 62

what are frameshift mutations

Back 62

changes that include the addition or deletion of a nucleotide and the bases are still read in groups of three, but those groupings are shifted for every codon that follows.

Front 63

what is polyploidy

Back 63

polyploidy is the conditiion in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Front 64

what is an operon

Back 64

a group of genes that operate together

Front 65

what is an operator.

Back 65

on one side of the operon's three genes are two regulatory regions. in the promoter, rna polymerase binds and then begins transcription. the other region is the operator.

Front 66

what is differentiation

Back 66

when cells become specialized in structure and function

Front 67

what are hox genes

Back 67

hox genes are a series of genes that control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo

Front 68

what is transformation

Back 68

transformation is when one strain of bacteria changed permanently into another

Front 69

what is bacteriophage

Back 69

bacteriophage is a kind of virus that infects bacteria

Front 70

what is a nucleotide

Back 70

a nucleotide is what makes up dna ... a sugar, phosphate, and base

Front 71

what is base pairing

Back 71

base pairing is when hydrogen bonds can only pair between certain base pairs.l

Front 72

what is mrna... a codon or anticodon

Back 72

codon

Front 73

what is trna... a codon or anticodon

Back 73

anticodon

Front 74

what must everything base pair with in order to make a protein chain

Back 74

the mrna strand

Front 75

what is translation

Back 75

translation is the synthesis of proteins... which occurs at the ribosomes

Front 76

describe the translation process

Back 76

the translation process....
1initiation
-begins when three parts of the initiation complex are brought together. they are ...
when the mrna with the start codon (AUG), ribosome, and charged trna molecule come together.
2. Elongation
-The addition of amino acids occurs
-trna number one fills the P site and the anticodon base pairs with the codon
-trna number two fills site A and base pairs with the codon
-a peptide bond occurs between the amino acids
-translocation occurs... ribosome moves one codon to the right and the trna in P is bumped out by the trna in site A.
3termination
-stopping the process
-the stop codon is read (UAA, UGA, UAG)
-the complete polypeptide is released

Front 77

what are some causes of mutations?

Back 77

xrays, uv light, cigarettes, chemicals...etc

Front 78

what is substitution

Back 78

substitution is the replacement of one base with another

Front 79

what is insertion

Back 79

insertion is when one or more bases are added

Front 80

what is deletion

Back 80

deletion is when one or more bases are deleted.

Front 81

what are chromosomal mutation?

Back 81

chromosomal mutations are where the whole sections ofr a chromosome are changed

Front 82

what is duplication

Back 82

duplication is when there are extra parts of chromosomes

Front 83

what is deletion

Back 83

deletion is when one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence

Front 84

what is inversion

Back 84

inversion is the reverse order of genes on a chromosome

Front 85

what is translocation

Back 85

translocation is when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another one.

Front 86

original gene sequence of chromosome: AbcdEFghijklm
new gene sequence: Abcdjklm
what is the mutation: deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?

Back 86

deletion

Front 87

original gene sequence of chromosome: AbcdEFghijklm
new gene sequence:
AbihgFEdcjklm
is is deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?

Back 87

inversion

Front 88

what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm
New gene sequence:
AcdEFghijklm

Back 88

deletion

Front 89

what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm
New gene sequence:
AbcdbcdEFghijklm

Back 89

duplication

Front 90

what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm
New sequence:
AbcdEFkjihglm

Back 90

inversion

Front 91

what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm
New Gene Sequence ;
AbcdEFdEFghijklm

Back 91

duplication

Front 92

What is the most harmful mutation (generally)
a duplication, deletion, translocation, or inversion?

Back 92

a deletion is the most harmful because it eliminates a crucial chromosome

Front 93

compare the processes of duplication and translocation. How are they similar and how are they different?

Back 93

duplication is the repeating of a base pair and translocation is when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. They are the same because they both involve extra genes... and they are both mutations... obviously

Front 94

during what stage of meiosis do changes in chromosomal structure arise?

Back 94

prophase one because crossing over occurs.

Front 95

what process changes the order but not the number of genes on a chromosome?

Back 95

inversion

Front 96

what is a substitution mutation

Back 96

when one base pairs is replaced by another

Front 97

what is an insertion mutation

Back 97

when one or more base pairs is added to a sequence

Front 98

what is deletion

Back 98

deletion is when one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence.

Front 99

what is a silent mutation

Back 99

a silent mutation is when a base pair is substituted but the change still codes for the same amino acid in the sequence.

Front 100

what is a substitution result of a mutation

Back 100

when a base pair is substituted and the new codon codes for a different amino acid

Front 101

what is a premature stop

Back 101

when a substitution results in the formation of a stop codon before all of the codons have been read and translated by the ribosome.

Front 102

what happens when a codon is deleted or inserted

Back 102

a whole new amino acid is added, or one is missing from the mutant proton.

Front 103

what is a frame shift.

Back 103

a frame shift is when a deletion or insertion results in a different base pair being the beginning of the next codon, changing the whole sequence of amino acids

Front 104

what type of mutation is responsible for new variations (alleles of a trait)

Back 104

substitution

Front 105

which type of mutation results in abnormal amino acid sequence?

Back 105

frameshift.

Front 106

which type of mutation stops the translation of the mrna

Back 106

premature stop

Front 107

what does dna stand for

Back 107

deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 108

what is dna's primary function

Back 108

to store genetic information

Front 109

what is the function of proteins

Back 109

enzymes, energy, antibodies, and structure

Front 110

what are the repeating subunits called that make up dna?

Back 110

nucleotides

Front 111

name the three parts of a dna nucleotide

Back 111

phosphate sugar base

Front 112

what are the four nitrogen bases on dna?

Back 112

adenine guanine cytosine thymine

Front 113

who is responsible for determining the structure of dna molecule?

Back 113

Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953

Front 114

what makes up the sides of a dna molecule

Back 114

phosphates and deoxyribose

Front 115

what makes up the steps of a dna molecule?

Back 115

nitrogen bases

Front 116

how did rosalind franklin contribute to determining the structure of dna?

Back 116

she took x rays of a dna molecule and crick and watson were credited

Front 117

what type of bonds hold the dna bases together, are they strong or weak?

Back 117

hydrogen. they are weak bonds

Front 118

what makes up the backbone of the DNA molecule?

Back 118

deoxyribose and phosphates

Front 119

why must dna be able to make copies of itself

Back 119

because each new cell has original dna

Front 120

define dna replication

Back 120

dna making exact copy of itself

Front 121

what is the first step that must occur in dna replication?

Back 121

the strands unwind and unzip with the help of helicase

Front 122

what acts as the template in dna replication?

Back 122

the sides of the dna molecule

Front 123

what enzymes help separate the two strands of nucleotides on dna? what bonds do they break?

Back 123

helicase, they break the hydrogen bonds

Front 124

what is the function of dna polymerases

Back 124

they add dna nucleotides

Front 125

_____________ are joined to replicating strands of dna by __________ bonds

Back 125

dna nucleotides are joined to replicating strands of dna by hydrogen bonds

Front 126

why does dna replication take place at many places on the molecule simultaneouslly?

Back 126

it occurs quickly that way

Front 127

when replication is complete, how do the two new dna molecules compare to each other and the original dna molecule

Back 127

the order of the bases is identical, but one strand is old and the other is new,"",, that is how they differ.

Front 128

is dna replicated before or after cell division?

Back 128

before

Front 129

what is the error rate in dna replication adn what helps lower this error rate to 1 in 1 billion nucleotides??

Back 129

the error rate is one in one billion and the repair enzymes help to lower that error rate in dna replication

Front 130

what is a mutation

Back 130

a permanent change in genetic material

Front 131

what are several things that can cause dna mutations?

Back 131

chemicals, radiation and cigarettes and viruses

Front 132

what sugar is found on dna

Back 132

deoxyribose

Front 133

what base is missing on rna and what other base replaces it?

Back 133

thymine is missing and uracil replaces it

Front 134

uracil will pair with what other base on dna?

Back 134

adenine

Front 135

is rna double or single stranded

Back 135

single

Front 136

which type of rna copies dna's instructions in the nucleus?

Back 136

mrna

Front 137

what does trna transport

Back 137

amino acids

Front 138

in what part of a cell are proteins made

Back 138

ribosomes

Front 139

what is rna polymerase and what is its function

Back 139

to make rna nucleotides join to the pattern strand

Front 140

what are promoters

Back 140

areas on dna where transcription begins

Front 141

where does rna polymerase bind to the dna it is transcribing?

Back 141

promoters

Front 142

what makes the beginning of a new gene on dna in eukaryotes?

Back 142

promoters

Front 143

are both strands of dna copied during transcription?

Back 143

nooooo

Front 144

as rna polymerase moves along the dna template strand, what is being added?

Back 144

rna nucleotides

Front 145

what bases pair with each other during transcription?

Back 145

a and u and c and g

Front 146

what is the termination signal

Back 146

sequence on dna that tells transcription to stop

Front 147

what happens when rna polymerase reaches the termination signal?

Back 147

transcription stops

Front 148

what are the products of transcription called

Back 148

transcripts

Front 149

transcrips are actually what molecules

Back 149

rna

Front 150

in transcription, what's instructions for making a protein are copied by what?

Back 150

dna's instructions for making a protein are copied by messenger rna

Front 151

which rna molecules are involved in the synthesis of a protein?

Back 151

rrna, mrna, and trna

Front 152

what happens to the newly made mrna molecule following transcription in the nucleus?

Back 152

it goes to the ribosome

Front 153

what makes up proteins?

Back 153

amino acids

Front 154

what are the subunits of proteins called

Back 154

amino acids

Front 155

what bonds proteins together

Back 155

peptide bonds

Front 156

how many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins

Back 156

23

Front 157

why does protein need a three dimensional structure?

Back 157

because shape determines function

Front 158

what is the genetic code and why is it important

Back 158

a sequence of amino acids and codons that they code for. it is the code that all living organisms are based upon

Front 159

what is a codon and what does each codon code for?

Back 159

they are groups of three bases on messenger rna

Front 160

how many codons exist?

Back 160

64

Front 161

what is an anticodon and where is it found on trna

Back 161

an anticodon is three unpaired bases that are complementary to one mrna codon and they are at the bottom and are paired with the mrna sequence