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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the most commonly used instrumentation for trace and toxic metals?

Atomic absorption spectrometer

What is the two AAS?

Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry


Flameless (Graphite furnace) atomic absorption spectrophotometry

What atomic emission spectrometry is used for atomization and excitation?

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

What is more widely used now because of its increased sensitivity, wide range of elements covered and relative freedom from interferences?

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

What is the specimen used in sample collection and processing of trace elements?

whole blood, urine, serum, plasma, hair, nails

What is the collection tube used in collection of the sample in trace elements?

Royal blue top (with EDTA or wtout EDTA anticoagulant)

How many inversions in EDTA?

8 inversions

Note:


Do not insert a pipette into the specimen, transfer by pouring.

das

Note:


Do not ream the serum w/ a wooden applicator stick.

asd

When submitting hair and nails specimens, submit in seperate containers to avoid contamination.

wda

Note:


The water, reagents, pipettes, and sample cups must be carefully evaluated for use in trace and ultra trace analyses.

asd

What are the trace elements?

CILZ (Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc)

What are the ultra trace elements?

ChroCoMaMoSe (Chromium, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium)

What are the toxic trace elements?

AACLM (Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury)

What is a silver-white, crystalline, ductile metal. The most abundant metal in the earths crust?

Aluminum

How many percent of aluminum is there in earth's crust?

8%

How much of aluminum is being ingested and excreted by the average adult in the US?

5-10mg

In plasma, aluminum is bound to the carrier protein such as ___________.

transferrin

On what organ of the body mostly have the highest concetration of the aluminum? And how many percent?

Bone (50%)

On what organ of the body, have the second to the highest concentration of aluminum is found?

Lung tissues (25%)

What are the sign and symptoms of toxicity in aluminum?

Encelophathy, Osteomalacia, Proximal myopathy, Increased risk of infection, Microcytic anemia, Decreased myocardial function

What are the clinical manifestation of aluminum toxicity?

Anemia, Bone disease, and progressive dementia w/ increased concetrations of aluminum in the brain

Aluminum toxicity occurs with patients with _________________ who are treated by dialysis with aluminum-contaminated solutions or oral agents that contain aluminum.

renal insuffuciencies

Prolonged intravenous feeding of preterm infants with solutions containing aluminum is associated with ___________________.

impaired neurologic development

Aluminum is primarily measured using? And also may measured using?

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

What standard evacuated blood collection devives are commonly made of aluminum silicate, and their use results in measurable contamination of blood samples?

Rubber stoppers

What collection tubes must be used in measuring sample of aluminum measurement?

metal-free collection tubes

_____ and ______ levels are used in screening for aluminum toxicity, monitoring exposure over time in dialysus patients, monitoring metallic prosthetic implant wear, as well as monitoring chelation therapy.

Urine and Serum

What is the reference range for aluminum?

0-6 ng/mL

What is a ubiquitos element displaying both metallic and nonmetallic properties?

Arsenic

For most people, what is the largest source of arsenic?

food

What is the common current use of arsenic?

wood preservatives, can also used in pesticides, poison, pigments, gases, ammunition, semi conductor, and medicines

What are the health effects and toxicity of acute exposure of arsenic?

Pancytopenia, Electrocardiogram changes, encephalopathy, renal failure, hepatitis

What is the health effects and toxicity of chronic arsenic exposure?

Mees line, hypertension, neuropathy, cirrhosis, cancer

What is a severe form of a peripheral vascular disease that leads to gangrenous changes and shown in chronic arsenic exposure?

blackfoot diease

What is used primarily to measure arsenic?

ICP-MS, GFAAS, HGAAS

Arsenic is best detected in the ______ due to short half-life of arsenic in blood.

urine

In arsenic, _____ and ______ analysis is also used to establish a timeline of arsenic exposure.

hair and nails

What is the reference range for arsenic?

<13 ng/mL (blood), <35ug/mL (urine)

What is a soft, bluish-white metal, which can be easily cut with a knife, and no biologica purpose in humans?

Cadmium

What is the health effects and toxicity in ingestion of large amounts of Cadmium?

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

What is the health effects and toxicity of chronic cadmium exposure?

Renal dysfunction which causes slow-onset of proteinuria

What is the health effects and toxicity of acute effects of cadmium inhalation?

respiratory distress due to chemical pneumonitis and edema, which can cause death

What can be used as a chelating agent in cadmium poisoning?

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

What is the laboratory methods used in cadmium?

ICP-MS, GFAAS

What is the reference range for cadmium?

<5 ng/mL

What is soft, bluish-white, highly malleable, and ductile. Poor conductor of heat and electricity. No known role in human physiology?

Lead

Lead:


Clinical presentation is variable, In children symptoms usually seen at blood levels of ______ or higher, with ______ the typical threshold for acute clinical intervention with chelation therapy.

60 ug/dL, 45 ug/dL

Lead blood levels of 10 ug/dL or higher causes?

IQ declined in children

What is the CNS symptoms of lead toxicity?

clumsiness, gait abnormalities, headache, behavioral changes, seizures

What is the GIT symptoms include in lead toxicity?

constipation and abdominal pain

Lead toxicity in adults can cause?

peripheral neuropathies, motor weakness, chronic renal insufficiency, systolic hypertension

Possible causes of Lead exposure in childhood? adult?

childhood: paint, chips


adult: smelting, mining, ammunition, soldering, plumbing, ceramic glazing, construction

What is the most common specimen type used in lead?

Whole blood (EDTA anticoagulated)

________ lead may be useful for detecting recent exposure to lead and to monitor chelation therapy.

Urine

What is the other test useful for screening occupational exposures in lead?

Plasma aminolevulinic acid, whole blood zinc protoporphyrin or FEP (free erythrocyte protoporphyrins)

What is prefered method of analyis in lead poisoning?

ICP-MS

What is the reference range for lead poisoning?

<3.5 ug/dL

What diease is caused by lead toxicosis, also it is anemia due to impaired heme synthesis?

Porphyria

What absence of enzyme due to lead poisoning can cause depression?

Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

What disease can cause the absence of the enzyme Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase?

Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase porphyria

What enzyme causes the disease in Erythropoetic protoporphyria?

Ferrochelatase

What is the disease due to the absence of the enzyme ferrochelatase due to lead poisoning?

Erythropoetic protoporphyria

What are the porphyrins increased in lead poisoning?

Delta aminolevulinic acid and protoporphyrin

What is the urine color of porphyria?

Port wine, Burgundy red, Red/Purple

Note:


The color of the urine in porphyria can be colorless due to lead poisoning.

asd

What are the urinalysis test for lead poisoning?

Acetoacetic acid + Urine / Ehrlich reaction to detech aminolevulinic acid

What is the anemia present in Lead poisoning?

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

What is the Peripheral blood smear finding in lead poisoning?

presence of Basophilic stippling

What is also called as a QUICKSILVER? Is also a heavy and silvery metal. One of the two elements that are liquid at room temperature along with BROMINE?

Mercury

What are the harmful effects of inhalation of mercury?

nervous, digestive, immune, system also in lungs and kidneys

What are the organs affects by inorganic salt of mercury?

Skin, eyes, GIT, and kidneys

What are the sign and symptoms of mercury toxicity?

headache, tremor, impaired condition, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dermatitis, polyneuropathy, proteinuria, and hepatic dysfunction

What is the specimen for mercury?

blood and urine

What is the laboratory methods used in mercury?

ICP-MS, CV-AAS

What is the reference range for mercury?

<10 ng/mL