Trace Elements

Front 1

What is the most commonly used instrumentation for trace and toxic metals?

Back 1

Atomic absorption spectrometer

Front 2

What is the two AAS?

Back 2

Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Flameless (Graphite furnace) atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Front 3

What atomic emission spectrometry is used for atomization and excitation?

Back 3

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)

Front 4

What is more widely used now because of its increased sensitivity, wide range of elements covered and relative freedom from interferences?

Back 4

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Front 5

What is the specimen used in sample collection and processing of trace elements?

Back 5

whole blood, urine, serum, plasma, hair, nails

Front 6

What is the collection tube used in collection of the sample in trace elements?

Back 6

Royal blue top (with EDTA or wtout EDTA anticoagulant)

Front 7

How many inversions in EDTA?

Back 7

8 inversions

Front 8

Note:

Do not insert a pipette into the specimen, transfer by pouring.

Back 8

das

Front 9

Note:

Do not ream the serum w/ a wooden applicator stick.

Back 9

asd

Front 10

When submitting hair and nails specimens, submit in seperate containers to avoid contamination.

Back 10

wda

Front 11

Note:

The water, reagents, pipettes, and sample cups must be carefully evaluated for use in trace and ultra trace analyses.

Back 11

asd

Front 12

What are the trace elements?

Back 12

CILZ (Copper, Iron, Lead, Zinc)

Front 13

What are the ultra trace elements?

Back 13

ChroCoMaMoSe (Chromium, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium)

Front 14

What are the toxic trace elements?

Back 14

AACLM (Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury)

Front 15

What is a silver-white, crystalline, ductile metal. The most abundant metal in the earths crust?

Back 15

Aluminum

Front 16

How many percent of aluminum is there in earth's crust?

Back 16

8%

Front 17

How much of aluminum is being ingested and excreted by the average adult in the US?

Back 17

5-10mg

Front 18

In plasma, aluminum is bound to the carrier protein such as ___________.

Back 18

transferrin

Front 19

On what organ of the body mostly have the highest concetration of the aluminum? And how many percent?

Back 19

Bone (50%)

Front 20

On what organ of the body, have the second to the highest concentration of aluminum is found?

Back 20

Lung tissues (25%)

Front 21

What are the sign and symptoms of toxicity in aluminum?

Back 21

Encelophathy, Osteomalacia, Proximal myopathy, Increased risk of infection, Microcytic anemia, Decreased myocardial function

Front 22

What are the clinical manifestation of aluminum toxicity?

Back 22

Anemia, Bone disease, and progressive dementia w/ increased concetrations of aluminum in the brain

Front 23

Aluminum toxicity occurs with patients with _________________ who are treated by dialysis with aluminum-contaminated solutions or oral agents that contain aluminum.

Back 23

renal insuffuciencies

Front 24

Prolonged intravenous feeding of preterm infants with solutions containing aluminum is associated with ___________________.

Back 24

impaired neurologic development

Front 25

Aluminum is primarily measured using? And also may measured using?

Back 25

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Front 26

What standard evacuated blood collection devives are commonly made of aluminum silicate, and their use results in measurable contamination of blood samples?

Back 26

Rubber stoppers

Front 27

What collection tubes must be used in measuring sample of aluminum measurement?

Back 27

metal-free collection tubes

Front 28

_____ and ______ levels are used in screening for aluminum toxicity, monitoring exposure over time in dialysus patients, monitoring metallic prosthetic implant wear, as well as monitoring chelation therapy.

Back 28

Urine and Serum

Front 29

What is the reference range for aluminum?

Back 29

0-6 ng/mL

Front 30

What is a ubiquitos element displaying both metallic and nonmetallic properties?

Back 30

Arsenic

Front 31

For most people, what is the largest source of arsenic?

Back 31

food

Front 32

What is the common current use of arsenic?

Back 32

wood preservatives, can also used in pesticides, poison, pigments, gases, ammunition, semi conductor, and medicines

Front 33

What are the health effects and toxicity of acute exposure of arsenic?

Back 33

Pancytopenia, Electrocardiogram changes, encephalopathy, renal failure, hepatitis

Front 34

What is the health effects and toxicity of chronic arsenic exposure?

Back 34

Mees line, hypertension, neuropathy, cirrhosis, cancer

Front 35

What is a severe form of a peripheral vascular disease that leads to gangrenous changes and shown in chronic arsenic exposure?

Back 35

blackfoot diease

Front 36

What is used primarily to measure arsenic?

Back 36

ICP-MS, GFAAS, HGAAS

Front 37

Arsenic is best detected in the ______ due to short half-life of arsenic in blood.

Back 37

urine

Front 38

In arsenic, _____ and ______ analysis is also used to establish a timeline of arsenic exposure.

Back 38

hair and nails

Front 39

What is the reference range for arsenic?

Back 39

<13 ng/mL (blood), <35ug/mL (urine)

Front 40

What is a soft, bluish-white metal, which can be easily cut with a knife, and no biologica purpose in humans?

Back 40

Cadmium

Front 41

What is the health effects and toxicity in ingestion of large amounts of Cadmium?

Back 41

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

Front 42

What is the health effects and toxicity of chronic cadmium exposure?

Back 42

Renal dysfunction which causes slow-onset of proteinuria

Front 43

What is the health effects and toxicity of acute effects of cadmium inhalation?

Back 43

respiratory distress due to chemical pneumonitis and edema, which can cause death

Front 44

What can be used as a chelating agent in cadmium poisoning?

Back 44

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

Front 45

What is the laboratory methods used in cadmium?

Back 45

ICP-MS, GFAAS

Front 46

What is the reference range for cadmium?

Back 46

<5 ng/mL

Front 47

What is soft, bluish-white, highly malleable, and ductile. Poor conductor of heat and electricity. No known role in human physiology?

Back 47

Lead

Front 48

Lead:

Clinical presentation is variable, In children symptoms usually seen at blood levels of ______ or higher, with ______ the typical threshold for acute clinical intervention with chelation therapy.

Back 48

60 ug/dL, 45 ug/dL

Front 49

Lead blood levels of 10 ug/dL or higher causes?

Back 49

IQ declined in children

Front 50

What is the CNS symptoms of lead toxicity?

Back 50

clumsiness, gait abnormalities, headache, behavioral changes, seizures

Front 51

What is the GIT symptoms include in lead toxicity?

Back 51

constipation and abdominal pain

Front 52

Lead toxicity in adults can cause?

Back 52

peripheral neuropathies, motor weakness, chronic renal insufficiency, systolic hypertension

Front 53

Possible causes of Lead exposure in childhood? adult?

Back 53

childhood: paint, chips

adult: smelting, mining, ammunition, soldering, plumbing, ceramic glazing, construction

Front 54

What is the most common specimen type used in lead?

Back 54

Whole blood (EDTA anticoagulated)

Front 55

________ lead may be useful for detecting recent exposure to lead and to monitor chelation therapy.

Back 55

Urine

Front 56

What is the other test useful for screening occupational exposures in lead?

Back 56

Plasma aminolevulinic acid, whole blood zinc protoporphyrin or FEP (free erythrocyte protoporphyrins)

Front 57

What is prefered method of analyis in lead poisoning?

Back 57

ICP-MS

Front 58

What is the reference range for lead poisoning?

Back 58

<3.5 ug/dL

Front 59

What diease is caused by lead toxicosis, also it is anemia due to impaired heme synthesis?

Back 59

Porphyria

Front 60

What absence of enzyme due to lead poisoning can cause depression?

Back 60

Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

Front 61

What disease can cause the absence of the enzyme Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase?

Back 61

Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase porphyria

Front 62

What enzyme causes the disease in Erythropoetic protoporphyria?

Back 62

Ferrochelatase

Front 63

What is the disease due to the absence of the enzyme ferrochelatase due to lead poisoning?

Back 63

Erythropoetic protoporphyria

Front 64

What are the porphyrins increased in lead poisoning?

Back 64

Delta aminolevulinic acid and protoporphyrin

Front 65

What is the urine color of porphyria?

Back 65

Port wine, Burgundy red, Red/Purple

Front 66

Note:

The color of the urine in porphyria can be colorless due to lead poisoning.

Back 66

asd

Front 67

What are the urinalysis test for lead poisoning?

Back 67

Acetoacetic acid + Urine / Ehrlich reaction to detech aminolevulinic acid

Front 68

What is the anemia present in Lead poisoning?

Back 68

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Front 69

What is the Peripheral blood smear finding in lead poisoning?

Back 69

presence of Basophilic stippling

Front 70

What is also called as a QUICKSILVER? Is also a heavy and silvery metal. One of the two elements that are liquid at room temperature along with BROMINE?

Back 70

Mercury

Front 71

What are the harmful effects of inhalation of mercury?

Back 71

nervous, digestive, immune, system also in lungs and kidneys

Front 72

What are the organs affects by inorganic salt of mercury?

Back 72

Skin, eyes, GIT, and kidneys

Front 73

What are the sign and symptoms of mercury toxicity?

Back 73

headache, tremor, impaired condition, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dermatitis, polyneuropathy, proteinuria, and hepatic dysfunction

Front 74

What is the specimen for mercury?

Back 74

blood and urine

Front 75

What is the laboratory methods used in mercury?

Back 75

ICP-MS, CV-AAS

Front 76

What is the reference range for mercury?

Back 76

<10 ng/mL