Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the first 3 steps of therapy and management of toxicosis?
|
1) Assess animal's physiological state & time of exposure
2) Obtain label of possible intoxicants in environment -Use antidote if there is one 3) Remove animals from toxic environment -change feed, water, pasture -Dermal decontamination |
|
When do you perform dermal decontamination?
|
Oil based toxins i.e. pyrethrins, organophosphates, caustic chemicals
|
|
How do you perform dermal decontamination?
|
Wash with tepid water and liquid dish washing soap--> multiple times
-Clip hair if long -If caustic, acidic or alkaline exposure--> flush skin w/ copious water x 15-20 min |
|
What would you tell an owner if they call for a telephone consult because their dog got a toxin in their eye?
|
-flush eye w/ physiological saline or tepid water for 15-20 minutes
- *Keep animal from rubbing eyes -Avoid use of ophthalmic ointments or medications |
|
When should you tell a client to seek immediate veterinary attention because of ocular contamination?
|
When see blepharospasm (twitch of eyelid), pupil size change, ocular discharge
|
|
What can you tell a client to do on a phone consult when an animal needs GI decontamination?
|
Induce vomiting as home remedy
-Best 1st hour (17-62%), up to 4 hours if: -large wad of xylitol gum, large amounts of chocolate, grapes & raisins, blood or bone meal, foreign objects etc. |
|
How do you induce vomiting?
|
-3% H2O2--> 2-5 mL/kg BW in dogs, not cats
-Liquid dish soap ~10 mL/kg of mix 3tbs + 8oz water -Apomorphine in dogs only--> tablet in subconjunctival sac or IV or IM -Xylazine esp in cats. (can reverse sedative effects after) |
|
Can you use 7% syrup of ipecac or salt to induce vomiting?
|
NO
|
|
What are 5 contraindications to emesis?
|
1) Longer than 1-2 hrs post ingestion (except for exceptions noted above)
2) In an unconscious or very obtund animal 3) In animal in respiratory distress 4) Ingestion of corrosive or caustic materials -Oven cleaner 5) If clinical signs of toxicosis are present |
|
When performing a gastric lavage, time is of the essence bc after 1 hr, only ___-____% of toxin is recovered.
|
8.6-13%
|
|
What are 3 indications of a gastric lavage?
|
-In metaldehyde and organophosphate toxicosis even if animal is showing signs
-Large amount of bone meal, chocolate, iron tables -Ingestion of toxic (near LD50) doses of Ca channel blockers, beta-blockers organophosphates |
|
Can you use activated charcoal and do a gastric lavage?
|
Yes, can use with activated charcoal during and after
|
|
When is a gastric lavage contraindicated?
|
W/ corrosive toxins
|
|
How do you perform a gastric lavage?
|
Animal must be anesthetized and intubated
-Infuse w/ warm water and aspirate often -Repeat until fluid is clear |
|
How do you administer activated charcoal?
|
Dose is 2-5 g in water slurry w/ 1 g in 5 mL water
|
|
When should you add cathartic sodium sulfate or 70% Na sorbitol to activated charcoal?
|
Has varying affinities so:
-good w/ nonpolar toxins -Heavy metals & ethylene -Glycol not well absorbed |
|
What is a whole bowel irrigation?
|
Where perform a gastric lavage and high enema w/ stomach tube per rectum
|
|
How do you perform an enema in a ruminant?
|
Add water to slight distension and then lower stomach tube to drain off, repeat
|
|
How can you surgically remove foreign bodies?
|
Per os or laparotomy or rumenotomy
-Zinc pennies, lead substances, toxic metals -Radiographs might indicate location |
|
What can you give animals with cerebral edema, heart failure, ascites, pulmonary edema and acute renal failure?
|
Diuresis
|
|
What are 3 drugs you can give for seizure control?
|
1) Diazepam
-Give IV, short half life so give every 20 minutes x 3 times 2) Phenobarbital if diazepam fails 3) Pentobarbital -Use if all above fail |
|
Why can dogs develop hyperthermia from toxicosis?
|
Results from seizure or myoclonus activity
|
|
What can you do for a hyperthermic animal?
|
Cold baths, ice packs, or cooled IV fluids
-Control dehydration w/ IV fluids IV THERAPY |
|
Why is it so important to administer IV fluids to toxic animals?
|
To force diuresis of toxins that are eliminated via the kidney
-Vasodilate and flush the renal tubules especially w/ nephrotoxic agents ie NSAIDS, lilies, etc |
|
What is essential for an effective toxicological diagnosis?
|
Knowledge of a known exposure and the circumstances surrounding exposure
|
|
What good is doing a CBC, serum chemistry and blood gas analysis of a toxic animal?
|
All are useful tools done in clinic to evaluate clinical signs and formulate a treatment plan
|
|
What are 8 necropsy specimens that should be collected?
|
1) Brain
2) Ocular fluid 3) Injection site 4) Stomach and intestinal contents 5) Colon contents 6) Liver 7) Kidney 8) Urine -if present |
|
How should brain samples from necropsy be preserved?
|
1/2 frozen
1/2 formalin -Leave midline in formalin for pathologist |
|
How should you preserve ocular fluid? Injection site? Stomach and intestinal contents? Colon contents? Kidneys?
|
Freeze them all!
|
|
What should you do with collected urine specimens?
|
1/2 chilled, 1/2 frozen
|
|
How much rumen or stomach contents should you collect at necropsy?
|
~500 g
-But rumen may degrade some toxicants e.g. nitrates, mycotoxins |
|
Why is quantitative analysis of rumen contents difficult?
|
Variability of concentrations and lack of correlation w/ toxic levels in tissue
|