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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pathophys of hypoxia--go.
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Leads to decreased ox phos --> decr ATP. Body tries to form ATP from glycogen (anaerobic resp) --> lactatemia
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When we talk about membrane damage and increased membrane permability we are talking about toxins that bind to ______ groups in the membrane proteins
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--SH
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Free radical production results in what 3 things?
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Lipid peroxidation
Protein damage DNA damage |
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Whats the difference between acute & subacute exposure?
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Acute is single or repeated exposure over 24 hours while subacute is exposure over 1-30 days
(same goes for acute/subacute responses) |
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Cyanides and organophosphates result in acute, subacute, or chronic exposure and reaponses?
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Acute exposure and response
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What are two toxicities that result in acute responses from chronic exposures?
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Lead & Cu in sheep
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Fluorosis and lead toxicity causing debilitation are examples of what kind of exposure and response?
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Chronic
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When free radicals combine with PUFAs, lipid peroxidation results in lipid peroxyl radicals.
What effect does this have on cells? |
Membrane injury and cell death
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With decreased ATP production comes decreased Na/K ATPase activity.
What effect does this have on the cell? |
Influx of water and cell swelling
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Free radical production leads to lipid peroxidation.
Name two prime examples of free rads. |
Singlet oxygen & hydroxyl groups
Idk if i know what im talking about |
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Name two effects of increased intracellular Ca?
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Phosholipases kill the phospholipid membrane
Proteases are also activated |
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Ionizing radiation can lead to what 2 free radicals?
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Hydroxyl free rads & hydrogen free rads
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Metabolism of some chemicals produces what 2 radicals?
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Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals
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So radicals cause lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA damage.
T/F. The resulting peroxides are reactive and cause further damage. |
False
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How do radicals cause protein damage?
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Free rads oxidize amino acids
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How do radicals damage DNA?
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By reacting with thymidine to break the strands
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Name four antioxidants
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Vit E,A,C, GSH
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What do antioxidants do?
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Scavenge radicals and reduce their formation
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Name three enzymes that scavenge free radicals and destroy oxidants.
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Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
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Describe the valence of oxygen free radicals?
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Oxygen with unpaired electron, is usually short-lived and highly reactive
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Equations--eek!
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Yeah i dont get simple chemistry
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The threat of oxidative stress arises from what 3 things?
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Superoxide free radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radical
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Whats GSH reductase doing?
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Converting GSSG to GSH, an antioxidant
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Whats GSH peroxidase doing?
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Converting hydrogen peroxide to water
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What are flavonoids
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Plant pigments
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What are the four groups of flavonoids?
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Flavones
Flavonones Catechins Anthocycanins |
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What do we use flavonoids for?
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As antioxidants and free radical absorbers
(they can also inhibit WBC degranulation & inhibit pgospholipase A2 & therefore PGs and leukotrienes from being formed) |
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What IS oxidative phosphorylation?
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ADP --> ATP & water (requires electrons and H+)
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What is a cytochrome?
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Iron-containing protein with a heme group
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What is an uncoupler of oxphos we have larned about?
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Inorganic Arsenics
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What does uncoupling of oxphos mean?
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They dissociate oxidation from phosphoeylation--ie oxygen is still utilized but the energy becomes heat instead of ATP (instead of going into forming another phosphate bond)
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Why are toxicants delivered to the cortex in higher quantities than the medulla?
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Because the cortex receives 90% of blood flow
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Because of the renal countercurrent system, despite higher quantities of toxin going to the cortex, higher ______ may reach the medulla
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Concentrations
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The loop of ahenle increases tonicity of "urine". What is the relevance to toxicology?
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Higher & higher concentrations will reach the DCT then collecting duct than had originally been delivered to the PCT
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Where can the kidney transform prodrugs to their toxic forms?
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In the PCT because she xontains cytochrome P450
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Cats are deficient in ________, leading to acetaminophen toxicity.
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Glucuronyl transferase
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How is acetaminophen ezcreted?
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As glucuronide
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What might explain the blood-related signs we see with acetaminophen toxicity?
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RBC glutathione is overwhelmed, allowing excess acetaminophen to react with SH groups in Hb.
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What is paracetamol?
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Acetaminophen
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CS of a cat with acetaminophen toxicity?
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Cyanosis, dyspnea (shallow breaths), facial and paw edema, icterus & chocolate urine, hypothermia
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Treatment fkr acetaminophen toxicity?
Why? |
Mucomyst (N-acetyl cysteine) .... It forms cysteine, which is a sulfur souce that causes glutathione synthesis
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Whats the differnece between potosens and sunburn?
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Different wavelengths (photosens longerz)
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Whats the deal with photosens?
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Light energy --> chemical energy --> free rads (superoxide) --> membrane damage
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What are the three types of photosens?
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Congen, primary, secondary
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Whats congenital photosens due to?
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Heme synthe disturbances --> porphyrin accumulations
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Prumary photosens?
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Eg hypericin (board Q)...ingestion of this compound directly causes photosens
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Secondary photosens?
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Excretory disturbance (liver dz or posthepatic obstruction) --> accum of photochemicals
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CS of photosens
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Erythema and edema
Serous oozing Necrosis and sloughing of skin (esp white skin in cattle) |
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Whats your commonest signalment for lead toxicity?
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Think calves & young dogs
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Most ingested lead is absorbed or excreted in the feces?
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Excreted in feces, only 2-10% is absorbed in adults
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In adults, only 2-10% of ingested lead is absorbed. Is this the case for neonates?
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No, neonates absorb 50% of ingested lead.
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Who absorbs more ingested lead--cows or dogs?
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Dogs (monogastrics)
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So sum up lead absorption
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Neonates > adults
Monogastrics > R |
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So some lead has been absorbed. Where is it in the blood?
Is the a lot of free lead in the blood? |
Almost all of it is in the RBCs as its proteinate or phosphate form. A very small % is in the plasma bound to albumin.
There is almost no free lead in the blood. |
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What enhances lead absorption?
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Vit D
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So once lead has been absorbed and transported via the RBCs, what organs does it set up shop in?
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Bone >> kidney, liver
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The majority of ingested lead is excreted in the feces. What is the ultimate fate of absorbed lead?
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Slowly excreted in the urine, feces, milk
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What is the effect of lead on a fetus?
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If the mom has lead in her system it can cross the placenta & the fetus' BBB --> teratogenic effects --> abortion or stillbirth
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Is excretion of absorbed lead fast or slow?
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Very slow
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What does Pb2+ replace in the bones?
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Ca2+
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Heme synthetase has a ______ group that lead interferes with.
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SH
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Whixh enzyme is most sensitive to lead toxicity & therefore will be found in decreased amounts in an affected animal?
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ALA dehydrase
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With lead toxicity you find large amounts of ALA in the ____
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Urine.
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Lead toxicity will result in what changes on CBC & blood smear?
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Anemia
Basophilic stippling |
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T/F. Lead toxicity depresses the bone marrow.
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True
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Why does lead toxicity lead to cell death?
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Lysosomes rupture --> releaee of acid phosphatase. This enzyme is required for cell energy production, so without it the cell will die.
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What is the effect of lead toxixity on the nervous system?
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Decreased blood supply & energy
Leaky capillries --> Cerebral edema & blindnes PNS demyelination (also fucks with GABA, NMDA, serotonin) |
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Lead tox --> decreased absorption of ______
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Se
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You have 3 bovine patients affected with lead toxicity. An adult with acute toxicity, an adult with subacute toxicity, and a calf with acute toxcity.
Which one will probably die first? |
Idk i think the calf is more severe
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Describe acute lead toxicity in a calf.
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Since its a baby its going to absorb a lot more of the ingested lead than his mom will.
His nervous system will be affected--demyelination--> larpar --> drooling/coughing/dyspnea (makes sense); hyperesthesia (dont touch me!), tetany, convulsionsseizuredeath |
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Peracute caees of lead toxicity in cattle can result in sudden death. Lets say she ate the car batteries a couple days ago. What might be a sign of lead tox?
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Blindness & head pressing
(muscle fasciculations & ataxia too...its a neuro thing) |
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Chronic lead toxicity in dogs results in wasting. Does this happen to cattle?
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No wasting in cattle
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Subacute lead toxicity can lead to colic in cows (most Things dont really make cows colic). What are signs of pain in a cow?
What are some of the GI issues shell have going on? |
Bruxism (teeth grinding)
Constipation followed by smelly diarrhea. Ruminal stasis. |
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Why might lead toxicity cause roaring (dysphonia) in horses?
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Nerve demyelination
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Name some signs of lead toxicity in horses.
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Anorexia, roaring, knuckling of fetlocks --> limb paralysis
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You have 3 bovine patients affected with lead toxicity. An adult with acute toxicity, an adult with subacute toxicity, and a calf with acute toxcity.
Which one will probably die first? |
Idk i think the calf is more severe
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Describe acute lead toxicity in a calf.
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Since its a baby its going to absorb a lot more of the ingested lead than his mom will.
His nervous system will be affected--demyelination--> larpar --> drooling/coughing/dyspnea (makes sense); hyperesthesia (dont touch me!), tetany, convulsionsseizuredeath |
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Peracute caees of lead toxicity in cattle can result in sudden death. Lets say she ate the car batteries a couple days ago. What might be a sign of lead tox?
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Blindness & head pressing
(muscle fasciculations & ataxia too...its a neuro thing) |
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Chronic lead toxicity in dogs results in wasting. Does this happen to cattle?
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No wasting in cattle
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Subacute lead toxicity can lead to colic in cows (most Things dont really make cows colic). What are signs of pain in a cow?
What are some of the GI issues shell have going on? |
Bruxism (teeth grinding)
Constipation followed by smelly diarrhea. Ruminal stasis. |
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Why might lead toxicity cause roaring (dysphonia) in horses?
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Nerve demyelination
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Name some signs of lead toxicity in horses.
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Anorexia, roaring, knuckling of fetlocks --> limb paralysis
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What body system is affected by lead toxicity in horses?
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PNS
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You are presented with a cachexic dog. His abdomen is painful on palpation and he has a history of trying to eat but not being able to swallow? What do you suspect and what might you see in his urine?
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Lead toxicity.
Glucose |
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T/F. Lead toxicity affects the kidneys
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True (at least in dogs it def does)
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Nucleated RBCs are seen in a dog without anemia. What might he have?
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Lead toxicity.
More often you see basophilic stippling and regen anemia (aniso, polychromasia, poikilo) |
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What two toxicites can cause polioencephalomalacia?
Which can cause poliomyelomalacia? |
PEM <-- lead or sukfur
PM <-- se (subacute neuro form) |
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What two toxicities give centrilobar degeneration of the liver?
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Lead and zinc
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T/F. You might see porphyrins in the urine of an animal with lead toxicity.
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True
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T/F. Lead causes radiopacity of long bones around the epiphyses.
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Sure, but its not diagnostic
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T/F. Decreased ALA dehydrase is diagnostic for lead toxicity.
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False? Its just a screeing test, not a diagnostic test? Thats what i wrote i class who knows
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ALA dehydrase is an enzyme of what cell?
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RBCs
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Which of the following tests is most sensitive for lead toxicity?
Urinary lead Urinary ALA blood ALA ALA dehydrase Hair lead |
ALA dehydrase....ie changes will show before any of the other tests would pick up on lead tox
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With lead toxicity, do you have to decontaminate the stomach (ie with emetics)?
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No, cause this animal wouls have eaten it a week ago or so
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Chelation therapy for lead =
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EDTA
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How is EDTA given for lead toxicity?
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Only by injection, never orally
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How does EDTA work?
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It chelates the lead from bone for redistribution of the lead (EDTA has a calcium on it, but has a higher affinity for lead. Thats how it grabs onto the lead to take it out of the body)
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Whats a complexing treatment for lead toxicity?
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DMSA* or dimercapeol (BAL)
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T/F. DMSA is less toxic than BAL and can be given orally
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True
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Do we use D-penicillamine for lead toxicity?
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No. We do use it for Cu toxicity in Bedlingtons tho
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What is supportive therapy for lead toxicity?
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Initiate urine flow & give mannitol + CCS for cerebral edema. Possibly enemas
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T/F. All inorganic arsenic compounds are toxic.
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True
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Trivalent arsenic _______, pentavalent = _______
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TrI = arsenIte
PentA = arsenAte |
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How do animals get arsenic?
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Feed
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Which valency is more toxic and whya.
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Arsenite (3+) because it is more rapidly absorbed.
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95% of absorbed arsenic is associatd with
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RBCs
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Where does arsenic accumulate before redistribution?
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Liver, then is redistributed to a shit ton of other plces
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Where is arsenic stored?
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Bones teeth hair hoof skin (think keratin)
Liver, kidney |
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Why is arsenic stored in places like hoof and hair?
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Because it reacts with/binds to idk the --SH grops in keratin
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What is the rate of excretion of arsenic?
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Rapidly excreted thru urine, feces, sweat, and milk
(sweats a new one) |
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Which vakenxy accumulates in tissues, and which is rapidly excreted in the urine?
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Trivalents accumulate (theyre the toxic ones) and pentavalents are rapidly peed out
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With inorganic arsenic compounds, poisoning is ______ or _______.
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Acute or subacute
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Trivalent salts are ______ to pentavalents for excretion in:
Pentavalents are reduced to trivalents by the kidney (dumb kidney!) |
Oxidized; bile
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Whats the MOA of trivalent arenites?
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They act with --SH groups in cellular enzyme systems eg The citric acid cycle
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Whats the MOA of arsenates (pentavalents)?
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Uncouple oxphos --> depleted cell energy (but NO heat depletion unlike other uncouplers)
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Arsenic affects tissues rich in oxidative systems. List them (6)
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Rapidly dividing tissues like GIT
kidney Liver Lungs Skin Splanchnic capillaru beds |
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What does arsenic poisoning lead to?
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Hypovolemic shock
GIT edema & shit Nephrosis |
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Arsenic results in what CS
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Watery --> Bloody diarrhea (peracute--> subacute)
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Is chronic arsenic poisoning common?
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No because its so rapidly excreted
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What are the two important PM findings in arsenic poisoning?
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Garlic breath & vivid red gut
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Arsenic results in primarily GIT or CNS signs?
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GI
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Gutzeits & Reinsch tests are for what toxicity?
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Arsenic
(Gutzeit is for urine) |
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T/F. Arsenics cause GI & shock, while lead causes more CNS signs.
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True
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Treatment for arsenical poisoning?
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DMSA* & sodium thiosulfate
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Whats the treatment for arsenicals & mercury?
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DMSA & sodium thiosulfate
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Hat is Succimer?
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DMSA
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Organoarsenicals...what so you think?
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PPP (pig, poultry, PNS)
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The organoarsenicals have what valency?
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They are pentavalent 5+
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T/F. Organoarsenials have a wide saftey margin, so high doses are needed to create toxicity.
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True, usually do to feed miscalculations!
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T/F. Organoarsenical toxicity usally results in low morbidity but high mortality.
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False. Organoarsenicals have high morbidity but LOW MORTALITY (its not gonna kill them that much)
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Lets talks cows.
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Yes, lets.
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Whats gonna cause a cow with lameness and tooth issues?
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Fluorosis
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Whats gonna cause spontaneous fractures in a cow?
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Fluorosis
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What causes PEM in cows?
(polioencephalomalacia) |
Sulfur
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In addition to PEM, what will you find on necropsy of a cow with sulfur toxicity?
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Dark thick ruminal fluid (ew)
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Spectacles =
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Mo toxicity
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Mo toxicity causes a lot of "s" CS. What are they?
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Spectacles
Smelly green Scours (diarrhea) oSteoporoSiS exoStoSeS rickettS Sanemia (ok just anemia) |
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What causes CNS signs in cattle--organic or inorganic Hg?
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Organic
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What is the cause of "alkali disease"?
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Selenium toxicity
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What are the signs of Se toxicity in cattlw?
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They lose their switch (aka tail hair)
Their claws become deformed Dull coat ....its all about the keratin |
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Ok that was an incomplete card. What else do you see with Se toxicity in cows?
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Emaciation
cold Extremities Arthritis & anemia |
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What two toxicities can cause a blind cow?
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Lead and organic mercury
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What can cause acute nephritisa.
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Inorganic mercury....it causes more GI signs in cows tha organic mercuries
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What causes hemolytic anemia?
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Zn
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CS of Zn toxicity in cows?
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GI shit, weight loss, hemolytic anemia, PUPD, paresis, exophthalmos
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Which three toxicities affect cow eyes?
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Lead, organic mercury (blindness)
Zn (exophthalmos) |
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Whixh toxicity causea depression in adult cattle but excitement in calves?
(and therefore affects the CNS)? |
Organic mercurials
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If someone broke a thermometer in a cows mouth, what would the mercury do?
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Leave a silvery gray black line on the gums of course
(no im not that dumb but thats a good way to remember) |
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What causes stomatitis, vomiting, colic, and other GI signs, in addition to causing acute nephrosis in cows?
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Inorganic mercurials
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What do bones look like when affected by fluorosis?
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Poritic, chalky, they spontaneously fracturw
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Lets talk dogs...which are easy because they ant foreign objects to me (like cows are).
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Dogs!
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Which toxicity in dogs is associates with renal failure? What effects does this have on the animal?
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Zn
Port wine urine PU/PD |
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Which two toxicities result in wasting/cachexia in dogs?
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Lead and copper
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Congential liver defects in _____ can cause copper toxicity.
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Bedlingtons
Skyes Dobies |
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T/F. Cu toxicity causes a hemolytic crisis in dogs.
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No! Acute acu toxicity --> hemolytic crisis in SHEEP, not dogs
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With chroic lead toxicity vs acute lead toxicity, do GIT or CNS signs come first?
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Chronic? GI then CNS
Acute? other way around |
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What could cause a pale brown nodular liver with yellow brown pigment?
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Cu toxicity
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What can cause exophthalmia in dogs?
Blindness? |
Exophthalmia from Zn
Blindness from inorganic mercury |
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CS of inorganic mercury in dogs?
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CNS excitation --> convulsions, uncontrollable chewing, blindness
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Explain the CS of Zn.
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Hemolytic anemia --> jaundice & hemoglobinuria --> renal failure --> pu/pd.
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When might you see basophilic stippling and anemia in a dog?
Nucleated RBCs without anemia? |
Both can be the result of lead toxicity
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Whats a dog with chronic Cu toxicosis look like?
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Thin, jaundiced, ascites
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What might a dog with acute acu toxicity look like?
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Vomiting and anorexia
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What does bilirubin do at very low levels?
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Scavenges singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals
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