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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This organism contains a single, covalently closed circular molecule of DNA?
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Prokaryotes
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This organism has several pieces of DNA (complexed w/histones)in the cells nucleus
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Eukaryotes
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This organisms genes are frequently split into noncoding regions and coding regions
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Eukaryotes
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Coding Regions are called?
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Exons
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Non Coding Regions are called?
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Introns
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A group of related genes that are attached to one another are called?
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Operons
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What does DNA mean?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What does RNA mean?
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Ribonuicleic acid
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What kinds of bonds join the nucleotides within a particular strand of DNA?
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Phosphatediester bonds
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What kinds of bonds from between the two strands of DNA?
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Hydrogen bonds
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How many base pairs are formed in DNA?
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2
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How many bonds stablize the base pair Adenine-Thynine?
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2
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How many bonds stablize the base pair Cytosine-guanine?
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3
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When we say the two strands are exact oposite we are saying they are?
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Complementary
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Strands that run in opposite direction are said to be?
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Antiparallel
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What are the purines?
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Adenine and Guanine
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What are the Pyrimidines?
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Thynine and cytosine
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When each new strand of DNA consists of one old and one new strand we say this is?
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Semiconservative replication
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3 limitations of DNA Polymerare III in terms of DNA replication
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Unidirectional, Primer dependent, and Template dependent
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Origin of replication for DNA occurs most often at which bond? Why?
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the A-T bond as it is only connected by 2 Hydrogen bonds so it is weaker than C-G
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This is the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules held together by convalent bonds
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DNA backbone
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The phosphate spans from 3' carbon of one sugar to 5' carbon of next, you count clockwise from Oxygen
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DNA Backbone
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When it is comprised of 2 complementary and antiparallel strands we say it is a ?
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Double Helix
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When each strand of the orginal molecule serves a template for the synthesis of a complementary copy
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DNA Replication
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What is catalized by DNA Polymerase III?
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DNA replication
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When DNA Polymerase III only move in one direction 5'-3' can only copy off template that runs 3'to 5'
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Unidirectional limitation
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The initiation of DNA synthesis is started at the orgin of Replication which is recognized by?
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Helicases
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Bacteria have how many Origins of Replications?
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one
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Eukaryotic cells have how many ORI? why?
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Multiple ORI to speed up replication
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What is the initial primer for DNA Polymerase III to start catalyzing?
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RNA
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The two strands at the replication fork are called the?
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leading strand and lagging strand
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The 2 regions on each direction of ORI?
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Replication fork
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This strand runs 5' phosphate to 3' hydroxyl and DNA synthesis occurs continously
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Leading strand
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This strand runs 3' to 5' and synthesis occurs discontinously
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Lagging strand
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What are the fragments called that Lagging strand synthesis uses they are 5' to 3'
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Okazaki fragments
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What is the first step in Synthesis of Lagging strand?
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Helicase unwinds double helix, then primase synthesis small fragments of RNA to provide free 3' OH group
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What is the second step in Synthesis of Lagging strand?
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DNA Polymerase III adds deoxyribonucleotides until it reaches primer of next fragment
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What is the third step in Synthesis of Lagging strand?
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DNA Polymerase I removes RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
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What is the fourth step in Synthesis of Lagging strand?
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DNA ligase provides final phosphodiester bond
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Extra DNA at end of synthesis that causes DNA to get smaller and smaller (count down mechanisms
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Telomeres
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2 steps of Protein Synthesis
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Transcription and Translation
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Transcription is what?
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DNA to RNA
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Steps of Transcription going from one nucleic acid to another nucleic acid
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Initiation, Elongation and Termination
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When the RNA Polymerase binds to promoter (start signal) DNA sequence located "Upstream" of gene
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Initiation of Transcription
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This process does not require a primer but does require a template (single strand of DNA)
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Elongation step of transcription
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When RNA Polymerase Core Enzyme catalyzes formation of a phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides
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Elongation
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When a mRNA "copy" of the DNA template is made
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Elongation
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Synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template.
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Transcription
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This means that more than one protein will be made from that mRNA molecule
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Polygenic mRNA
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Genes coding for related enzymes frequently occur together in a cluster
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Operon
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Messenger RNA mRNA is said to be _______ when it contains the genetic information to translate more than one protein
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Polycistronic
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Most polycistronic mRNA is found in what type of organism?
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Prokaryotes
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In eukaryotes RNA transcripts must be processed before being used in translation
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Post Transcriptional Modification
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The changes to mRNA include addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly A tail and removal of introns and exons are joined together
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Post Transcriptional Modification
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Mature mRNA consists of
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Ribosomes and spliceosomes
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in mRNA 3 bases together is a
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codon
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One codon specifies
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1 amino acid
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The start codon is
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AUG Methionine
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The 3 stop codons or nonsense codons are?
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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UAA, UAG, UGA can be remembered by
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U Are Awful, U Are Gross, U Go Away
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Most amino acids are signaled by several alternative codons a situation referred to as the
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Degeneracy of the code
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This is an adaptor molecule and has 2 specificites
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tRNA or transfer RNA
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The two specificites of tRNA are?
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amino acids and mRNA
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3 bases in DNA are defined as a
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Triplett
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3 bases in mRNA are defined as a
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Codons
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3 bases in tRNA are defined as a
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Anti codons
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In this step of translation ribosome binds to start codon in mRNA
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initiation
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In elongation step of translation mRNA binds to mostly small subunits this large subunit has 2 binding site for tRNA known as
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A (acceptor) site and P (Peptide) site
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The A site is for?
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Attachment site for new amino acyl tRNA
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the p site is for?
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site where tRNA holds growing peptide
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In translation when ribosome reaches a stop codon, polypeptide is released and the ribosome dissociates this is
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Termination step
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RNA synthesis =
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Transcription
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When biosynthetic enzymes are not produced if their product is present in the medium
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Enzyme Repression
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In Enzyme repression _____ is usually the final product of an anabolic pathway
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effector("co-Repressor")
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Enzyme is synthesized only when its substrate is present
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Enzyme Induction
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Organism does not waste energy synthesizing unneeded enzymes
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Enzyme Repression
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Organism does not synthesize enzymes until they are needed
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Enzyme Induction
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Induction and repression act at the level of
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Transcription
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These enzymes are not subject to induction or repression and synthesize continuously in the growing cell
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Constitutive enzymes
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These are key cellular enzymes required for growth under all nutritional conditions
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constitutive enzymes
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This is a heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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Mutation
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Two classes of mutations
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Frame shift and point mutations
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3 types of point mutations
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Silent, Missense, Nonsense
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When free DNA is incorporated into a "competant" recipient cell
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Transformation
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Transformation requires ____ for uptake and processing of DNA
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Proteins
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All transformal strands have
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DNA binding proteins, Nucleases, Single stranded DNA binding Proteins, Rec A
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When Bacterial DNA is transformed via a virus
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Transduction
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A Capsid containing bacterial DNA is a
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Transducing Phage
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Process by which genetic information is passed directly
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Conjugation
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Fertility extra pieces of DNA
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F Plasmids
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F+ cell attaches to f- cell through its pilus
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conjugation
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