Tortora Microbiology Chap 20 Chemotheraphy

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Any chemical used in treatment, relief, or prevention of disease

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Chemotherapeutic agent

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Produced by Microorganisms

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antibiotics

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Produced in laboratory

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synthetic drugs

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Modification of natural antibiotics

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Semi-Synthetic

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Agent must harm microbes without causing significant damage to host is

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selective toxicity

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Successfully eliminates organism if the level is maintained over a period of time

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Therapeutic dosage level

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Causing host damage

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Toxic dosage level

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The Maximun Tolerable Dose/KG divided by Minimum Dose /KG that cures is

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Chemotherapeutic index

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A high Chemotherapeutic index indicates

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Good selective toxicity

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Agents that attack a wide variety of microorganisms

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Broad Spectrum agents--can kill both gram + and gram -

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Agents that attack a small number of organisms

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Narrow Spectrum Agents

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Agents that act on an important structure or function in microorganisms which differs from its counter part in animals

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antimicrobials

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Penicillin, bactracin, and cephalosporin are examples of antimicrobials that do what?

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Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

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Antibiotics that act as detergents and dissolve bacterial cell membranes

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Polymyxin antibiotics

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How do polymyxin antibiotics work?

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Polyene antibodies bind to sterols in fungal membranes

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Tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenical are examples of

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inhibitors of protein synthesis

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Inhibition of protein synthesis work on Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes because of?

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differences between bacterial and animal ribosomes

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Rifamycin is an example of a

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inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis

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Two mechanisms of antimetabolites

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Competitive inhibition and erroneous incorporation

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Erroneous incorporation causes what?

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incorrect base pairing

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What are the side effects of antibiotics?

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Toxicity, Allergy, Disruption of normal flora

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Antibiotics do not induce mutations but

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select for mutants already present

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This mutation often alters DNA that codes for ribosomol proteins

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Chromosonal resistance

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This mutation is usually due to the presence of plasmids called R factors and are transferred by transformation or conjugation

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Extra Chromosomonal resistance

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Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent are

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Solubility in body fluids, selective toxicity, non allergenic, maintenance of constant therapeutic concentration in blood and tissue fluid, few resistant organisms, long shelf life, and reasonable cost