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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What term is used to describe a continual source of infection?
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Reservoir of infection
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What are people who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic microbe called?
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Human reservoirs
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What are zoonoses?
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Diseases in wild and domestic animals that can be transmitted to humans
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Where can pathogenic microbes grow besides living things?
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Nonliving reservoirs like soil and water
Example: C. tetani |
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Describe a transmission by direct contact
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Requires close physical contact between the source of the disease and a SUSCEPTIBLE HOST.
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What is a fomite?
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Inaminate objects
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Describe a transmission by indirect contact
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Contact through fomites
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Describe a transmission through droplet.
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Transmission via saliva or mucus in coughing or sneezing
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Describe a vehicle transmission.
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Transmission by a medium such as water, food, or air
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Describe an airborne transmission
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Pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance greater than one meter
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Describe a mechanical or biological transmission.
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Transmission through insect vectors or other biological living things.
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What is a nosocomial infection?
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An infection acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home, or other health-care facility.
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This type of infection causes 5-15% of hospitalized patients.
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Nosocomial infections
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What type of bacteria are often responsible for nosocomial infections through surgery and catheterization?
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Normal microbiota
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What general type of microbes are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections?
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Opportunistic, drug-resistant gram (-) bacteria
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Compromised hosts have these and are the most susceptible to nosocomial infections?
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Burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems.
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Nosocomial infection are transmitted by __________ contact and is transmitted between who?
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Direct - Staff & Patients / Between Patients
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What can cause nosocomial infections?
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Fomites; catheters, syringes, etc
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What technique can be used to prevent nosocomial infections?
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Aseptic techniques & handgels
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Who is responsible for the overseeing of proper cleaning, storage, and handling of equipment and supplies in the hospital?
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Hospital infection control
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What does EID stand for?
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Emerging infectious diseases
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What is an EID?
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New diseases and diseases with increasing incidences
Example: anthrax, ebola, mad cow |
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EID's result from what?
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1. Antibiotics and pesticides
2. Climatic changes 3. Travel 4. Lack of vaccinations 5. Insufficient case reporting |
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These are responsible for surveillance and responses to emerging infectious diseases?
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Agencies i.e. CDC, NIH, WHO
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What does CDC stand for?
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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What does NIH stand for?
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National Institute of Health
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What does WHO stand for?
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World Health Organization
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What is epidemiology the study for?
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Transmission, incidence, and frequency of disease
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When did modern epidemiology begin?
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mid-1800's
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What are the 3 types of epidemiology?
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1. Descriptive
2. Analytical 3. Experimental |
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What is descriptive epidemiology?
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Deals with the FREQUENCY and the DISTRIBUTION OF RISK FACTORS IN POPULATIONS.
Enables to assess the EXTENT of a disease **data of infected people are studied and analyzed |
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What is analytical epidemiology?
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Research and study risk and protector factors of diseases
**compares a group of infected vs. uninfected group |
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What is experimental epidemiolgy?
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Performs controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses
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What is case reporting?
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Provides data on incidence and prevalence to local, state, and national health officials
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Where does the main source of epidemiologic information come from?
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CDC; center for disease control and prevention
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What does the CDC publish that gives information about morbidity and deaths?
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MMWR; Morbidity and MOrtality Weekly Report
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What does MMWR stand for?
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Morbidity and MOrtality Weekly Report
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What information does the MMWR publish?
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Morbidity and deaths
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