Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Role of Mucus |
Goblet cells produce mucus which traps microorganism's, dust and debris. Mucus is then removed by the cilia |
|
|
How sticky mucus effects u |
. microorganism's are trapped in the lungs and can cause infection . Coats the alveoli and reduces surface area so less gas exchange takes place . over inflation of the lungs tissue beyond the blockage which damages the elasticity of lungs |
|
|
Features of Gas exchange |
.Large surface area of the alveoli .Numerous capillaries around the alveoli .Thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries meaning a short distance between the alveolar air and blood in the capillaries |
|
|
Ficks law |
Rate of diffusion is proportional to : surface area x difference in concentration divided by thickness of gas exchange surface |
|
|
Structure of protiens |
Primary: Amino acids join in a condensation reaction and makes a peptide bond Secondary: Depending on the interactions of the Amino acids, it will either form an alpha helix due to the hydrogen bonds with slightly negative C=O and -NH or a bets pleated sheet where the hydrogen bonds holds parrel chains Tertiary structure: This is determined by the chemical bonds having any of the following; ionic bonds,hydrogen bonds,disulfude bonds and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. Quaternary structure: globular protiens fold into a compact spherical shape and are soluble. Fibrous protiens remain as long chains and are cross-linked for strength and are insoluble |
|
|
Cell membrane |
Has a phospholipid bilayer which has a hydrophilic head and the two fatty acids are hydrophobic. Integrated into this is cholesterol glycoprotein glycolipids. Some protiens are in a fixed place but others can. If there are more unsaturated phospholipid the more fluid it is. |
|
|
Facilitated diffusion |
Polar molecules diffuse through water filled pores in a channel protien that has a specific shape for the molecule. Some of the channels can be gated so they can be opened or closed depending in signals like potential difference and hormones. Carrier proteins are also a part of facilities diffusion. They do not require passive transport |
|
|
Active transport |
Moves molecules against the concentration gradient with carrier protiens and the help of ATP which gives energy from respiration |
|
|
Exocytisis/endocytosis |
Bulk transport of molecules that rely on the fluid nature and is released from a vesicle that fuse with the cell membrane |
|
|
Too much water in the mucus |
Water is drawn out from the mucus by the sodium channel open so both Na+ and Cl- moves from the apical membrane to the basal membrane this leads to a high salt concentration in the tissue fluid so water from the mucus is drawn out by osmosis |
|
|
Too little water in the mucus |
Cl- pumped into the basal membrane and diffuses out through the CFTR protien. Na+ diffuses down the electrical gradient into the mucus. Elevated salt concentration into the mucus which draws in water into the mucus by osmosis |
|
|
Cystic Fibrosis on the digestive system |
Difficult to keep body mass because they have problems with digesting and absorbing nutrients and energy. Their pancreatic duct becomes blocked by sticky mucus which means digestive enzymes can't be realsed |
|
|
Cystic Fibrosis on the reproductive system |
Mucus plugs the cervix in the female. For males the vasal defend is blocked by mucus |
|
|
DNA |
Has a deoxyribose bonded with a phosphate and an organic base through a condensation reaction to form a mononucleotide. They then link through a phosphodiester bond. This then twists around each other to form a spiral staircase |
|
|
Translation |
DNA unwinds with the RNA polymerase and the sequence on the template strand the complementary RNA nucleotides align and phosphodiester bonds occur between the mRNA molecules and it reattached from the DNA and leaves through the nuclear pore and the DNA goes back to its original structure |
|
|
Translation |
mRNA attaches to a ribosome and tRNA molecules carry Amino acids to the ribosome. The tRNA molecule with a complementary anticodon for the start codon will attach itself to the mRNA. The next complementary tRNA attaches to the next codon and the two Amino acids at the top of tRNA form peptide bonds. Then the ribosome moves along the coden for the next tRNA to bond until it reaches the stop coden where the poly peptide chain moves away |
|
|
DNA replication |
Semi conservative DNA helicase unwinds the DNA strand then complementary DNA nucleotides attach and a condensation reaction occurs and is catalysed by DNA polymerase |
|
|
Medellin and Stahal |
n original nitrogen 15 containing bacteria was moved to a nitrogen 14 containing medium and they allowed them to divide and replicate once then was centrifuged they found that it created a single middle density strand. After round two the replication gave both light and medium bands |
|
|
Mutations |
These are caused by error in translation or transcription This can happen by Substitution - a base is swapped Deletion- deleted base Insertion-extra base added Duplication- base pair is repeated Inversion a sequence of base is reversed Thus change cause the protien to be different |
|
|
Chi square value |
|
|
|
how Genetic testing us usef |
Confirm diagnosis Identify carriers Resting embryos |
|
|
Amniocentesis |
Needle into the amniotic fluid that collects fetal cell that have fallen of the placenta and is carried out at 15-17weeks and has a 1% chance of miscarriage |
|
|
Chorionic villus sampling |
Placental tissue is removed through the abdomen or vagina and can be done at 8-12 weeks but there is a 2% chance of miscarriage |
|
|
NIPD non invasive prenatal diagnosis |
Analyse DNA fragments in the blood plasma during pregnancy. No risk of miscarriage |
|
|
Preimplatation genetic disorders |
Couples having IVF to create embryos which is screened for the disorders. |
|
|
Ethical framework |
Right to life Maximising the amount of goods in the world -utilitarianism Informed consent Leading a virtuous life |
|
|
Gene therapy |
Alters the genotype by inserting normal alleles of the gene into target cells using a vector or carrier mechanism so the normal gene is transcribed. |
