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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are 6 signs of diabetic retinopathy?
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1- microaneurysms
2- hemorrhages 3- exudates 4- cotton wool spots 5- venous beading 6- IRMA (intraretinal microvascular abnormalities) |
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What are 3 places that neovascularization due to Diabetic retinopathy can occur?
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1- NVD (of the optic disc)
2- NVE (elsewhere) 3- NVI (of the iris) [always record + or - findings] |
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Is IRMA a "good Thing"? explain...
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Kind of a good thing. these vessels are functional and feed the retina-but- it indicates there has been an ischemic event. Therefore, overall IRMA is "bad".
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Is Neovascularization a bad thing? Why?
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YES!! These vessels are leaky!
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Diabetic retinopathy is a ______ disease.
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venous
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Do dot/blot hemes, exudates, and CSME indicate ischemic events?
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No---leaky vessels
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What does CSME stand for?
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Clinically significant macular edema.
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CSME can occur with DR in _____ stage of the disease.
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any stage--so look for it!
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What 3 types of DR patients need to be referred?
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1- CSME
2- proliferative DR 3- borderline cases where you are sure sure what is going on. |
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How do "you" (not us) treat CSME?
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with lasers.
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Does HTN Retinopathy cause symptoms?
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No, usually asymptomatic
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What are 6 changes that you will see iwth HTN Retinopathy?
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1- arteriole narrowing
2- arteriovenous crossing changes 3- copper/silver wire 4- cotton-wool spots 5- flame hemes 6- exudates and macular edema |
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A ________ is a bright refractile plaque in a retinal vessel.
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Hollenhorst Plaque.
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A hollenhorst plaque is am atheroma of the ________ (ipsi/contra) carotid artery and/or other vessels.
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Ipsilateral
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In what quadrant(s) will you see retinal hemorrhages/dilated/tortuous in a CRVO?
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all 4
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Name 2 types of CRVO
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1- Ischemic
2- non-ischemic (partial/incomplete) |
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How can you have vision loss in a CRVO?
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when you have macular edema
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Name 3 specific vision losses with CRVO.
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1- central scotoma (over the macula)
2- generalized depression 3- enlarged blind spot |
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There are lots of causes of CRVO, Name 3.
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1- Atherosclerosis
2- HTN 3- glaucoma |
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What is it called with you have a sector hemorrhage?
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BRVO
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A _______ manifests with sudden, painless vision loss.
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CRAO
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What is the classic sign of a CRAV?
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cherry red spot (this is b/c the macula is avascular and is fed by the choroid)
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Name 7 risks for ARMD
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1- age (>55)
2- gender (F>M) 3- Race (Cauc) 4- +FHx 5- escessive UV 6- smoking 7- high fat and Chl |
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ARMD is _____ (dry/wet) 90% of the time.
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Dry!
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What is a prevalent sign of ARMD? Where are these located?
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Drusen (very deep= RPE/Bruchs)
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What are 3 signs of dry ARMD?
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1- drusen
2- pigment mottling 3- geographic atrophy of RPE |
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T or F: patients with ARMD may have a metamorphopsia or a central scotoma.
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True
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What are the vitamins that you can recomend a patient with ARMD to take>?
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A, C,E, lutein and zinc
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What are 3 signs of wet ARMD?
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1- CNVM
2- subret heme 3- disciform scarring |
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Myelinated Nerve Fibers occurs in ___ of the population.
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1%
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_____ is a continuation of normal myelination anterior to the lamina.
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Myelinated nerve fibers
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What must you distinguish from myelinated nerve fibers?
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cotton wool spots (both are white and feathery looking b/c they both occure at the level of the NFL)
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What is easily mistaken as papilledema?
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buried nerve head drusen
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buried drusen consist of ______ globular deposits.
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Ca++- like
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T of F: an ONH with buried drusen WILL still have a +SVP.
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TRUE (papilledema will NOT have a +svp)
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When you are looking for drusen, look for ______.
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Flurescence
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You will seeing thinning of the ONH rim in ______.
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glaucoma
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______ is basically pathognomic for glaucoma.
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Drance hemes
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T or F: a patient SHOULD follow the ISNT rule t o be "normal"
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True, you want the inferior to be the thickest
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What is a drance heme?
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hemorrhage at the disc margin
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Will you see peripapillary atrophy in glaucoma?
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yes
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With a __________, (a benign condition) you will see an elevated nasal disc and depressed temporal disc.
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malinserted optic nerve
(NOT the same as tilted disc syndrome) |
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_______ are transient episodes of serous RPE detachments in the macular area.
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Idiopathic Central Serous Choriodopathy (ICSC)
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What is the classic patient manifesting a ICSC and what is the classic sign?
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20-30 yo male, they see a haze over their vision
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Decribe the findings of a patient with ICSC in the following tests:
1- amsler 2- macular photo stress 3- color vision |
1- metamorphopsia
2- reduced 3- blue/yelloe defect |
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Optic neuritis will eventually lead to ______ and an ____.
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reduced vision, APD
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_____ is an examply of optic neuritis.
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AION
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What is the most likely etiology of Optic neuritis in:
1- 20-40 yo. 2- 45-55 yo 3- 60+ yo |
1- (20-40)Demyelinated disease
2- (45-55) Non-inflammatory (AION) 3- (60+) Inflammatory disease |
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_____ is a small vessel disease of the ON indicating an imbalance in the pressure-perfusion ratio.
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Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuritis
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If a person has a macular hole and the vitreous is still attached (- PVD)--is the hole likely to exist unilaterally or bilaterally?
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bilateral (this doesnt make a bit of sense to me)
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a ___________ will look round, reddish-brown, sharp border with a cuff of intraretinal edema.
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Full thicknedd hole
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Dominant Familial Drusen is inherited _____. It is ___ (uni/bilateral). What part of the retina is it located?
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AD
Bilateral all over the post pole |