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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epithelial Tissue
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A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
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2 types of Epithelial Tissues
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Coving & Lining eithelium
Glandular epithelium |
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Role of the Epithelium
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1. Protection
2. Absorption 3. Filtration 4. Excretion 5. Secretion 6. Sensory reception |
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Apical surface (Epithelium)
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- Faces body surfrace, lumen, cavity (openings)
- May contain cillia or microvilli |
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Lateral surface (Epithelium)
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- Face adjacent cells (i.e. junctions)
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Basal surface (Epithelium)
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- Adheres to extracellular materials
- Deepest layer of cells - Basal lamina (selective filter) |
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Specialized contacts (Epithelium)
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- Bound ttogether tightly to other cells by junctions
- Keeps apical layer separate from basal layer |
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Basement membrane
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- Basal lamina + reticular lamina
- Reinforces the epthelial sheet |
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Avasular (Epithelium)
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- No blood vessels
- Nourished by underlying CT - Innervated by nerve fibers |
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Squamous epithelial (Shape)
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Flattened, scale-like
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Cuboidal epithelial (Shape)
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Boxlike
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Columnar epithelial (Shape)
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Tall, column shaped
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Simple Squamous (Function)
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Diffusion & Filtration
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Simple Squamous (Location)
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Air sacs, blood vessels
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Endothelium (Simple Squamous)
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Provide a slick, firction-reducing lining in the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems
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Mesothelium (Simple Squamous)
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Found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity & coving its organs
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Simple Cuboidal (Function)
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Secretion and absorption
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Simple Cuboidal (Location)
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- Kidney Tubules
- Ducts and secretory portions of small glands - Ovary surface |
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Simple Columnar (Function)
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- Absorption
- Secretion - Goblet cells |
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Simple Columnar Nonciliated (Location)
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- Digestive tract
- Gallbladder - Has microvilli |
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Simple Columnar Cililated (Location)
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Line:
- Small bronchi - Uterine tubes - some parts of the uterus |
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface
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Pseudostratified Columnar (Function)
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- Secretion
- Propulsion of mucus |
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Pseudostratified Columnar (Location)
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- Male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated)
- Trachea (ciliated) |
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Stratified Squamous (Function)
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- Protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
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Stratified Squamous (Location)
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- Skin (keratinized cells)
- Linings of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells) |
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Papanicolaou Smear (Pan smear)
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- Collection of cells off the uterus and vaginal walls
- Detect cellular changes (precancerous cells) |
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Stratified Cuboidal
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- Rare, found in some sweat and mammary glands
- Two layers thick |
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Stratified Columnar (Location)
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- Pharynx
- Male urethra - Lining some glandular ducts |
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Transitional Epithelium (Function)
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Stretches urinary organ by contained urine
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Transitional Epithelium (Location)
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- Lines the ureters
- Bladder - part of the urethra |
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Gland
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One or more cells that make & secrete a product
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Secretion
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Aqueous fluid with proteins
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Endocrine Glands
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"Ductless gland"
- Secrete hormones, stimulates organs to respond or stimulate pancreases to release enzymes |
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Exocrine Glands
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- Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
- Such as: Mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver, pancreases |
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Unicelluar Exocrine Gland
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Secrete onto surface via exoctyosis
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Goblet cells
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- Goblet shaped secretory cell
- Produces mucin |
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Mucin
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Complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted forming mucus
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Mucus
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Slimy coating that both protects & lubricates surfaces
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Merocrine Glands (Mode of secretion)
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- Secrete their products in different ways; mostly via exocytosis
- located in pancreas, sweat, glands, salivary glands |
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Holocrine Glands (Mode of secretion)
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- Accumulate the product until ruptures
- Ex. Pimples |
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Aporince Glands (Mode of secretion)
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- Controversy whether in humans
- Accumulate their product beneath the free surface - Eventually pinching off releasing the product |
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Connective Tissue
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Most abundant & found everywhere in the body
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Connective Tissue (Functions)
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- Binding & Support
- Protection - Insulation - Transportation |
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Common characteristics of Connective Tissues
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- All arise from mesenchyme
- Most rich supply of blood (except cartilage & dense CT) - Extracellular matrix (nonliving fluid that withstand weight bearing, tension, trauma, or abrasion) |
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CT Cells
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- Origin from mesechymal cells
- Immature (ends in -blast) - Mature (ends in -cyte) |
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Fibroblasts
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- Large, flat cells with branching processes
- Do not become fibrocytes |
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Macrophages
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- Able to engulf bacteria & cellular debris by phagocytosis
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Macrophages (Locations)
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- Fixed in alveolar or speen
or - Roam tissues & gather at inflammation sites |
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Plasma Cells
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- Secretes antibodies
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Mast cells
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Produce histamine
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Adipocytes
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- Fat/adipose cells
- Stores TGs (fat) |
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Neutrophils (white blood cell)
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At site of infection
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Eosinosphils (white blood cell)
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Parasite infection
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Basophils (white blood cell)
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Histamine response
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Connective tissue matrix
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Supports, binds, provides medium for blood cells, white blood cell, and fibers
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Hyaluronic Acid CT Matrix (location)
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- Lubricates joints
- Maintains shape of the eyeballs |
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Chondroitin CT Matrix (location)
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- Cartilage
- Bone - Skin - Blood vessels |
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Dermatan sulfate CT Matrix (location)
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- Skin
- Tendons - Blood vessels - Heart valves |
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Keratan sulfate CT Matrix (location)
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- Bone
- Cartilage - Cornea |
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Collagen Fibers
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- Very strong & resist pulling forces
- Found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
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Elastic Fibers
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- Ability to return to original shape (elasticity)
- Strong but very flexible - Found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue |
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Reticular Fibers
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- Collagen arranged in fine bundles
- Help form basement membranes - Forms stroma of soft organs |
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Embryonic (Connective Tissue)
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Gel-like ground substance with fibers and starshaped mesenchymal cells
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Areolar Tissue (Function)
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- Support/Binding
- Hold fluid - Immunity - Nutrient storage |
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Adipose Tissue (Function)
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- Provides reserve food fuel
- Insulates heat loss - Supports & protects organs |
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Adipose Tissue (Location)
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- Under skin
- Around kidneys - Within abdomen - In breasts |
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Reticular Tissue (Function)
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- Forms soft internal skeleton (stroma)
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Reticular Tissue (Location)
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- Lymphoid organs
- Bone marrow - Spleen |
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Dense Regular Tissue (Function)
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- Attaches muscles to bone
- Attaches bone to bone - Withstands great pulling forces |
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Dense regular tissue (Location)
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- Tendons
- Most ligaments |
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Dense Irregular tissue (Function)
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- Able to withstand great tension from many directions
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Dense Irregular tissue (Location)
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- Dermis of the skin
- Fibrous joint capsule |
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Hyaline Cartilage (function)
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- Supports
- Reinforces - Cushions - Resist compression |
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Chondrocytes
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- Cells of mature collagen
- Found in lacunaes |
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Hyaline Cartilage (Location)
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- Embryonic skeleton
- Ends of bones, nose, trachea, and larynx |
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Elastic Cartilage (function)
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- Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
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Elastic Cartilage (location)
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- External ear (pinna)
- Epiglottis |
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Fibrocartilage (function)
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- Provides tensile strength
- Absorbs compression shock |
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Fibrocartilage (location)
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- Intervertebal discs
- Pubic symphysis - Discs of the knee joint |
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Osteocytes
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- Found in lacunea
- Bone cells |
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Hematopoisis
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Formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow
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Nervous Tissue
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- Not a connective tissue
- Transmits electrical signals from senory receptors to effectors |
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Skeletal Muscle
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- Multinucleate with striations
- Voluntary movement |
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Cardiac Muscle
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- Uninucleate with intercalated discs
- Involuntary movement |
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Smooth Muscle
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- Spindle-cells with no striations
- Involuntary |
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Cutaneous membranes
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"Skin"
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Mucous membranes
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- Lines body cavities that open to the exterior
- Keeps it wet/moist - Absorption & secretion |
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Serous membranes
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- Found in closed ventral body cavities
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Regeneration (Tissue Repair)
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Replacement of destoryed tissue
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Fibrosis (Tissue Repair)
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Formation of scar tissue
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Inframmation (Tissue Repair)
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- Process of repair
- Capillaries dialate, more blood flow - Lymphatics remove excess fluid & dead cells - Redness, heat, swelling, and pain |