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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
degenerative nodules within the thyroid
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Nodular hyperplasia
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Inflammation of the thyroid
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Thyroiditis
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Occurs as a compensatory enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from thyroid hormone deficiency
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Diffuse Nontoxic Goiter
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Viral infection of they thyroid that causes inflammation
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de Quervain's thyroiditis
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Autoimmune disorder of diffuse toxic goiter characterized by bulging eyes
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Grave's disease
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Cystic neck mass caused by malformatoin of they cervical thoracic lymphatic system
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cystic hygroma
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Enlargement of the lymph nodes
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Adenopathy
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Nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism
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Multinodular carcinoma
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Oversecretion of parathyroid hormon, usually from a parathyroid adenoma
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Primary hyperparathyroidism
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Benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation
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adenoma
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Most common form of thyroid malignancy
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Papillary carcinoma
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Congenital anomalies that present in midline of the neck anterior to the trachea
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Thyroglossal duct cyst
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Remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck
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Branchial cleft cyst
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Disorder associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occuring in middle age
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Anaplastic carcinoma
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Enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency
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Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
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Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland cuased by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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Occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid gland
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Follicular carcinoma
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Enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands
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Parathyroid hyperplasia
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present
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Goiter
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Neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies
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Medullary carcinoma
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The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ____ arteries and ___ veins.
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carotid/ jugular
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Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the ___ muslces, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles
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strap
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The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ___ surface of the thyroid gland.
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posterior-medial
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The parathyroid glands are the ___ organs of the body.
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calcium-sensing
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The parathyroid glands produce ___ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.
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parathormone (PTH)
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When the serum calcium level ___, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.
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decreases
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PTH acts on ___, ___, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.
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bone/ kidney
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Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ____, hypercalcuiria, and low serum levels of phosphate.
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hypercalcemia
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Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by an ___, primary hyperplasia, or rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.
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adenoma
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Neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies
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Medullary carcinoma
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The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ____ arteries and ___ veins.
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carotid/ jugular
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Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the ___ muslces, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles
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strap
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The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ___ surface of the thyroid gland.
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posterior-medial
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The parathyroid glands are the ___ organs of the body.
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calcium-sensing
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The parathyroid glands produce ___ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.
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parathormone (PTH)
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When the serum calcium level ___, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.
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decreases
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PTH acts on ___, ___, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.
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bone/ kidney
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Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ____, hypercalcuiria, and low serum levels of phosphate.
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hypercalcemia
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Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by an ___, primary hyperplasia, or rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.
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adenoma
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A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is ____ hyperparathyroidism.
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secondary
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The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body ____, ____, and _____ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.
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metabolism, growth, development
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These hormones include triiodothyronine (___), thyroxine (___), and ____.
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T3, T4, calcitonin
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The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ___ metabolism.
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iodine
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The thyroid hormone is needed by the body, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (___), which is produced by the pituitary gland.
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TSH
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The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the ____.
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hypothalamus
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The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by ___, which first acts on bone to inhibiti its breakdown.
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calcitonin
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Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause ___, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.
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hypothyroidism
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The metabolic rate is dramatically increased by _____; clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).
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hyperthyroidism
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The function of the thyroid is determned by ____.
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nuclear medicine
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One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is ___.
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multinodular goiter
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congenital absence of the thyroid gland/ rare/ associated with crenitism
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Athyreosis
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puffy-appearing face, a dull look, and a large tongue that protrudes from the mouth, which is usually kept open/ Failure to thrive (FTT) is present
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Cretinism
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nonfuntioning thyroid gland
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euthyroid
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wedge shaped muslce post to thyroid
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longus colli muscle
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muscles anterior, lateral to thyroid
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sternocleidomastoid muscles
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group of three muscles that lie anterior to the thyroid
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strap muscles
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The thyroid is part of the ___ system
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endocrine
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Normal adult measurement
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40-60 mm length/ 20-30mm AP diameter/ 15-20 mm width
2-6 mm AP diameter isthmus |
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Two causes of hyperthyroidism
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toxic adenoma or Graves disease
Other rare causes: trophoblastic disease, choriocarcinoma, or testicular carcinomas that secrete hcG or TSH |
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area of decreased activity where little radioactive material is taken in (may be malignant)/ nodule is composed of cells which do not make thyroid hormone
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Cold nodule
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area of increased activity/ almost never malignant
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Hot nodule
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most common cause of goiter
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iodine deficiency
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Most commonly thyroid ca moves to ...
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lung, bones, and lymph nodes
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