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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phenomenology
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each person's unique and idiosyncratic experience of the world
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humanistic attributions to the mind being aware
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imagination
introspection self criticism aspirations free will |
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introspection
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conscious mental process relying on an examination of one's own feelings/thoughts
developed by Wilhelm Wundt |
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Why did Introspection Fail?
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unclear usefulness
irreducible thoughts/emotions method can't be generalized |
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Existentialism
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approach to philosophy that focuses on the nature of existence, how it feels, and what it means
developed by Jean Paul Sartre who thought that rationality had gone too far and lost touch with the human experience |
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Umwelt
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the environment around us, which we can't escape and must adjust to
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Miltwelt
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the people around us in our social existence
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Eigenwelt
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your relationship with yourself, how you think and feel about your existence
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Thrownness
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the time, place, and circumstances into which you happen to be born
Why am I here? What should I be doing? |
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Nonbeing
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the dread of not being, of nothingness
inability to express yourself or impact the world awareness that we will die |
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Angst
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anxiety that develops as a result of doubts about the meaning and purpose of life
involves facing the reality of death which is uncomfortable Anguish, Forlornness, and Despair |
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Anguish
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your choices are never perfect
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Forlornness
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your choices are yours alone
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Despair
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you cannot control or change all the things you might wish to
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Existential Courage
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the "optimistic toughness" to accept your existential responsibility and live an Authentic Existence
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Authentic Existence
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involves coming to terms with your Angst (Anguish, Forlornness, Despair)
you are mortal life is short you, and only you, are master of your destiny your life is only what you make of it or fail to |
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Living in Bad Faith
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ignoring the existential issues and leading the "unexamined life"
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Problems of Living in Bad Faith
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You are living a cowardly lie of an existence
You cannot hide entirely and will never be truly happy - people value a meaningful life more than being wealthy - experiences affect happiness more than possessions Not choosing is a choice in itself, and you are responsible for that too |
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Rogers and Maslow Humanism
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Began with the existential assumption that phenomenology is central and that people have free will
People are basically good and have an innate need to improve themselves and the world |
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Person Centered Theory
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A person can be understood only from the perspective of his/her phenomenal field
People have a basic need to actualize Developed by Carl Rogers |
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Carl Rogers
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the Reluctant Theorist who began as a farmer... became a psychoanalyst... then turned to a therapist who reluctantly published his findings into the Person Centered Theory
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Formative Tendency
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tendency of all matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
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Actualizing Tendency
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tendency of all organisms to move towards completion or fulfillment of potentials
involves Maintenance & Enhancement |
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Maintenance
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food, safety, resistance to change
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Enhancement
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curiosity, playfulness, self exploration
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Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Actualization
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a person must be involved in a relationship with someone who is congruent, empathetic, and who has unconditional positive regard for them
Doesn't CAUSE personal change, but PERMITS them to move towards self-fulfillment |
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Congruence
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to be real and genuine with others; and for them to be real and genuine with you
relates to a small gap between Ideal Self and Self Concept |
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Ideal Self
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how you wish to be; all of the things you aspire to
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Self Concept
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awareness of one's being (difficult to change once it is formed)
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Incongruence
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a wide gap between the ideal self and your self concept. Psychologically healthy people see little discrepancy
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Empathy
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a deep understanding of what it means to be another person which does NOT require the same experience but rather the ability to FEEL
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Regard for Others
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in order to "become a person" we must each make contact- positive or negative- with another
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Positive Regard
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being liked and accepted by others
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Positive Self Regard
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liking and accepting yourself
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Conditions of Worth
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parents, peers, or partners love and accept us only if we meet their expectations
relates to Unconditional Positive Regard, Counselor Congruence and Empathetic Listening |
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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warmth and acceptance that comes without qualifications (RARE)
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Counselor Congruence
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to be real and "genuine" in counseling session
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Empathetic Listening
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accurately sensing another's feelings and being able to communicate them back. NOT SYMPATHY
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Holistic Dynamic Theory
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Holistic: concerned with entire person
Dynamic: people are constantly changing and have potential for great psychological growth developed by Abraham Maslow |
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Abraham Maslow
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shy child with a cruel mother
always looked for the best in people |
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Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy from Bottom to Top
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Physiological Needs
Safety Needs Love & Belongingness Esteem Needs Self Actualization Needs |
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Physiological Needs
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most prepotent of all needs: food, water, oxygen, maintenance of temp etc
ONLY NEED THAT: can be completely satisfied and is recurring |
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Safety Needs
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physical security, stability, protection, and freedom from threatening sources
NEVER fully satisfied can lead to Basic Anxiety |
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Basic Anxiety
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occurs when people unsuccessfully strive to overcome unnecessary fear for their safety
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Love & Belongingness
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family, friendship, romantic relationships, affiliation with community
leads to three groups of people based on Attachment Theory: secure, avoidant, and anxious |
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Esteem Needs
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Two Levels:
Reputation: perception of prestige, recognition or fame in the eyes of others Self Esteem: feelings of worth and competence |
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Self Actualization
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includes self fulfillment and the realization of one's potential
ONLY need that is NOT automatically activated by fulfillment of previous need |
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Three Additional Needs
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Aesthetic
Cognitive Neurotic |
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Aesthetic Needs
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requirement for beauty and order
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Cognitive Needs
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need to understand and be curious
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Neurotic Needs
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a nonproductive need, a compensation for an unsatisfied need which will never be fulfilled even if it is given to you
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Self Actualized Person
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reality centered, enjoy solitude, enjoy deeper personal relationships, accepts others, sense of humor
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Fully Functioning Person of Tomorrow
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flexible, realistic, congruent, accepting of others
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Jonah Complex
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the fear of being our best or becoming self actualized
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What Happened to Humanistic Psychology?
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there wasn't a lot that could be done with it except turn it into the self help section
it wasn't profitable because it didn't do anything to fix broken people; wasn't funded by govt to do research |
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Positive Psychology
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the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Positive Psychology's view on Human Suffering
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concern with remedying human suffering is understandable and should certainly not be abandoned. Suffering and well being, however, are both part of the human condition and psychologists should be concerned with both
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Three Central Concerns for Positive Psychology
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positive emotions
individual traits positive institutions |
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Mihalyi Csikzentmihalyi
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believed in phenomenology and optimal experience
developed the concept of Flow |
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Flow
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experienced when engaging in activities that are enjoyable for their own sake
characterized by tremendous concentration and total lack of distractibility. time seems to pass quickly |
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What is Csikszentmihalyi's secret for enhancing quality of life?
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maximizing flow through the proper balance of difficulty in flow activities
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Problems with Flow
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it is generally an individual activity that deprives the individual of their social needs as well as prevents them from being a good resource/company of others
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Salvatore Maddi
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focused on existentialism's ideas on living in bad faith and developed the concept of hardiness as being required for living an authentic existence
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Maddi's View on Stress
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the purpose of life is not to avoid everything that is potentially stressful, but to develop the capacity to tackle challenges and learn from the experience
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Existential Pathologies
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Adventurousness
Nihilism Vegetativeness |
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Adventurousness
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try to fill up the void of knowing about the certainty of death by trying to feel ALIVE through the taking of unnecessary risks
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Nihilism
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in order to avoid thinking about the futility of life, individuals make everything bad to the point of becoming chronically angry, cynical, and disdainful
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Vegetativeness
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people who are so overwhelmed by the knowledge that life is short become listless and aimless... sitting around waiting to die
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Hardiness
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the capacity to tackle challenges and learn from experiences as cultivated through the conquest of stressful life events
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The Institute of Hardiness
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physically healthier, better adjusted psychologically, and able to handle stressful situations better
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Ed Deiner
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Dr. Happiness who began studying positive psychology in the 1980s under the context that we should focus on moving people from 0 to 5 in order to apply psychology to those who do not suffer from pathologies
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Things that Deiner Found to NOT Impact Happiness
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IQ
Education Change in income over 30k |
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Things that Deiner Found to HAVE an Impact on Happiness
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Faith
Friendship Change in income from under 30k to over 30k |
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Happiness Set Point
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no matter what happens in our life, good or bad, we tend to return to our set range within a short period of time due to the forces of adaptation
50 % genetics 8% crcumstances 42% is workable |
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Sonja Lyubomirsky
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developed 8 steps towards a more satisfying existence which she backed with research in an effort to help individuals live within the higher range of their set point
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8 Steps Towards a More Satisfying Existence
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Count your Blessings
Practice acts of Kindness Stop and smell the Flowers Thank Someone Learn to Forgive Invest Time in Family & Friends Take Care of Yourself Be Hardy |
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Criticisms of Positive Psychology
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Floofy
Doesn't Help Unhappy People Too New |
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Behaviorism
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we can only know what we can see, and we can see everything we need to know
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What two Philosophies contributed to the development of Behaviorism?
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Empiricism & Rationalism
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Empiricism
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experience is the product of reality. the contents of our mind are created by the contents of the world
all hypotheses and theories can be tested against observations of the natural world John Lock and the Tabula Rasa (blank mind) John Watson and shaping of infants related to Associationism & Hedonism |
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Associationism
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any two things, including ideas, become mentally associated into one if they are repeatedly experienced together close in time
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Hedonism
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organisms learn for two reasons:
to seek pleasure and to avoid pain |
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Utilitarianism
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the best society creates the most happiness for the largest number of people
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Rationalism
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the contents of our minds determines our experience of reality
hypotheses and theories may be developed without relying on observations of the natural world |
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Three Kinds of Learning
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Habituation
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning |
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Habituation
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the simplest way behavior changes as a result of experience- happens in all living organisms which results in a reduction of response probability to a non changing stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
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a learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus (Pavlovian)
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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a stimulus that, without conditions, will elicit a predictable response
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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a response that, without conditions, results predictably from an unconditional stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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a stimulus that will elicit a predictable response because of its previous pairing with a UCS
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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a predictable response to a CS that has influence because of its pairing with a UCS
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Model of Classical Conditioning
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CS>>NR
UCS>>UCR UCS+CS>>UCR CS>>CR |
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Extinction
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not forgetting; learning that the CS no longer predicts the UCS which eliminates the CR
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Generalization
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a new CS (similar in pitch, color, shape and/or sound) will elicit the CR to the degree that it is similar to the original CS
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Operant Conditioning
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behavior has an effect or operates on the environment (pellet box)
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Instrumental Conditioning
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behavior is instrumental or a means in obtaining a reward
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Reinforcement
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any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior
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Punishment
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any consequence of behavior that DECREASES the likelihood of that behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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a stimulus that, when PRESENTED, INCREASES the likelihood of the preceding behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
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a stimulus that, when REMOVED, INCREASES the likelihood of the preceding behavior
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Positive Punishment
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a stimulus, that when PRESENTED, DECREASES the likelihood of the preceding behavior
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Negative Punishment
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a stimulus, that when REMOVED, DECREASES the likelihood of the preceding behavior
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Why is Punishment done Incorrectly?
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availability of alternative behaviors must be given
timing and consistency may condition secondary punishing stimuli must avoid mixed messages |
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Ratio or Interval
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Ratio Schedules
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depend upon the NUMBER of responses made
Fixed (FR) or Variable (VR) |
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Interval Schedules
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depend upon responding after the passage of TIME
Fixed (FI) or Variable (VI) |
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Variable vs Fixed
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Fixed schedules are easier to extinguish while Variable schedules have a high rate of response and are difficult to extinguish
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Problems with Behaviorism
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ignores motivation, thought, cognition
humans can learn (aha moment) based too heavily upon animals ignores the social dimension of learning treats organisms as passive in the learning process |
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Who are the Three SLTs Attributed to?
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John Dollard & Neal Miller (1950s)
Julian Rotter (1950s) Albert Bandura (1970s) |
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Which is the Most Popular SLT?
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Bandura's
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Bandura's SLT
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based upon efficacy expectations, observational learning, and reciprocal determinism
BoBo Doll Experiment |
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Efficacy Expectations
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belief about what one can accomplish
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Observational Learning
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we learn things largely by watching
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Reciprocal Determinism
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people shape their environment as well as the environment shapes them through the two way relationships of Behaviors, People, and Situations
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Dollard & Miller's SLT
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based upon the Habit Heirarchy as it relates to primary & secondary drives and reinforcement; also addresses the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis and Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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The Habit Heirarchy
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there are several possible behaviors that a person might perform at a given time
each of these possible behaviors has a probability of being performed the behaviors that are most likely to be performed are at the top; those which are least likely are at the bottom |
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How does the Habit Heirarchy deviate from Classic Behaviorism
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Behaviorism attributes the effect of learning to change in behavior which is observable
Habit Heirarchy attributes the effect of learning to a change in the arrangement of behaviors which is NOT observable |
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Drive
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state of psychological tension that feels good when reduced; pleasure comes from satisfying the need that produced the drive
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Primary Drives
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come as defaults from birth
food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of pain |
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Secondary Drives
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are socialized
love, prestige, power, money, avoidance of fear/humiliation |
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Drives & Reinforcement
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there can be no reinforcement or behavioral change without reducing a drive, whether primary or secondary
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Problem with Drives and Reinforcement
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people do not live to have all their desires satisfied and live in a state of zero need
would result in the intentional increase in drive states |
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The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
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the natural, biological reaction of any organism when be blocked from a goal (frustrated) will lash out
the more important the blocked goal, the greater the frustration and aggressive impulse which can be directed towards anyone or anything researched through the Where's Waldo Experiment |
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Approach Avoidance Conflict
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Fun things can also be frightening and experiences we look forward to can also contain an element of dread
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Five Parts of Approach Avoidance Conflict
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Increase in drive strength will increase the tendency to approach or avoid a goal
When there are two competing responses, the stronger one (with greater drive strength behind it) will win out The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer one is to the goal The tendency to avoid a negative goal also increase the closer one is to the goal Most importantly, as a negative goal comes nearer, the tendency to avoid becomes stronger more rapidly than tendency to approach |
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Rotter's SLT
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primarily concerned with decision making and expectancies which are determined by an individuals beliefs rather than reality
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Expectancy
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an individual's belief or subjective probability regarding how likely it is that their behavior will attain the desired goal which may be right or wrong
Specific or Generalized |
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Specific Expectancies
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the belief that a certain behavior, in a certain situation, will lead to a specific outcome
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Generalized Expectancies
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general beliefs about whether anything one does is likely to make a difference
Low or High |
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Low Generalized Expectancy
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have an external locus of control; believe that what happens to them is beyond their control
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High Generalized Expectancy
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have an internal locus of control; believe that they control what happens to them and tend to be more energetic, motivated and less depressed than those with external
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Expectancy Value Theory
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behavioral decisions are determined not by presence or size of reinforcements, but also by beliefs about the likely results
Even if a reinforcer is very attractive, you are not likely to pursue it if your chances of success seem slim; something not particularly desirable might motivate behavior if the chances of getting it are good enough |
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Expected Value Equation
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P X V=EV
P: probability V: value EV= expected value |
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Mischel's Social Cognitive Approach
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notes that people do not just behave, observe, or even expect but also think under two ideas:
individual's construal of the world is all important (phenomenological) thought proceeds simultaneously on multiple tracks that occasionally intersect Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) |
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CAPS view of Personality
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stable system that mediates how the individual selects, construes and processes social information and generates social behaviors
behaviors are a compromise among several "cognitive person variables" |
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Cognitive Person Variables
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Cognitive & Behavioral Construction Competencies
Encoding Strategies & Personal Constructs Subjective Stimulus Values Self Regulatory Systems & Plans Affect |
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Cognitive and Behavioral Construction Competencies
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an individual's mental abilities and behavioral skills
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Encoding Strategies & Personal Constructs
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ideas about how the world can be categorized and beliefs about one's own abilities; might also include other beliefs about ones self
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Subjective Stimulus Values
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individual's beliefs about probabilities of attaining a goal if it is pursued; how much people value different rewarding outcomes
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Self Regulatory Systems & Plans
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a set of procedures that control behavior, including self reinforcement, selection of situations, and purposeful alteration of situations selected
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Affects
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emotions, which influence social information processing expectations and other beliefs about ones self
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If Then Contingences
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the personality variables combine in each individual to yiled a repertoire of actions triggered by particular stimuli
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Behavioral Signature
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each person's unique pattern of if then contingencies
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