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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kelly's theory of personal constructs is a theory about theories, or a "________".
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Metatheory.
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All people anticipate events by the meanings/interpretations they place on them.
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Constructs.
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We live in the real world, but react to our construction of it.
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Construct alternativism.
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Theory's one postulate:
People are constantly ______ and their activity is guided by the way they __________ events. |
Active, anticipate
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Kelly's Philosophical Position:
Behavior is based BOTH on ______ and our __________ of it. |
reality, perception
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He rejected which position of Skinner?
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That behavior is shaped by the environment.
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He also rejected extreme ____________, which holds that the only reality is what people perceive.
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Phenomenology.
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Our way of interpreting and interacting with our world.
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Personal constructs.
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This theory is NOT about nature of reality, but about...
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how we look for meaning. "Psychology of the human quest."
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Name this idea:
Just like a scientist, we use a process to make decisions. We make observations, test hypotheses, etc. Conclusions aren't final-- over time, we develop better ways to structure our lives. |
Person as Scientist
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Name this idea:
Scientists are people, too. Scientists CAN be fallible. Scientists can be colored by their own views. Every theory, including this one, is open to be bettered. |
Scientist as Person
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Name this idea:
It assumes that-- (a) The universe is real and constantly changing (action ALL the time) (b) People's thoughts exist and people try to make sense of a changing world (c) Different people construe reality in different ways, and all are subject to change. |
Constructive Alternativism
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All our present interpretations of the universe are subject to _____________ or _____________.
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Revision or replacement.
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Fact + Fact ≠ Truth, why?
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Facts are subject to our viewpoints.
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What did he agree with Adler on?
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Interpretation of event is more important than the event itself.
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The _______, not facts, hold the keys to an individual's future. We can make CHOICES. We're not victims of history or environment.
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Person
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However, we ARE "limited by our feeble _____ and our timid reliance on _____ ___ _______."
We find new ideas and restructuring disturbing. |
wits
what is familiar |
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A person's _____________ of a unified, ever-changing world constitutes his reality.
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interpretation
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Scenario of Arlene with her broken-down car. Her view of the world constantly changes.
Some people are inflexible to change their views, like _________, who continually view themselves as fat, no matter how much weight they lose-- even to the point of severe illness. |
anorexics
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In Kelly's postulate, the phrase "person's processes" refers to...
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a living, changing, moving human being.
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One's way of seeing how things (or people) are alike and yet different from other things (or people).
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personal constructs.
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In Kelly's postulate, he chose the term "channelized" to suggest that...
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People move with a direction through a network of pathways or channels.
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In Kelly's postulate, the phrase "ways of anticipating events" suggests that...
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people guide their actions according to their predictions of the future.
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A person anticipates events by construing their replications.
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Construction corollary.
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Persons differ from each other in their construction of events.
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Individuality corollary.
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People characteristically evolve, for their convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.
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Organization corollary.
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A person's construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs.
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Dichotomy corollary.
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People choose for themselves that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which they anticipate the greater possibility for extension and definition of future constructs.
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Choice corollary.
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A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only.
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Range corollary.
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A person's construction system varies as he (or she) successively construes the replications of events.
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Experience corollary.
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The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie.
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Modulation corollary.
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Allows new information to revise our way of viewing things.
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Permeability
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A person may successively employ a variety of constructive subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other.
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Fragmentation corollary.
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To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, that person's processes are psychologically similar to those of the other person.
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Commonality corollary.
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To the extent that people accurately construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a social process involving those other people.
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Sociality corollary.
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A pattern of behavior that results from a person's understanding of the constructs of others with whom that person is engaged in a task.
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Role
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Roles like: "daughter, student, employee, wife..."
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Peripheral roles.
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The role that gives us a sense of identity and provides us with guidelines for everyday living.
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Core role.
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Psychologically healthy people validate their personal constructs against...
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Their experiences with the real world.
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"Any personal construction which is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation."
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A disorder.
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Psychologically unhealthy people's personal constructs aren't permeable in one of two ways:
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1. They might be too impermeable, or
2. They might be too flexible. |
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Four common elements in most human disturbance:
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Threat
Fear Anxiety Guilt |
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The awareness of imminent comprehensive change in one's core structures.
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Threat.
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A specific threat to one's personal constructs.
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Fear.
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The recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one's construct system.
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Anxiety.
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Pathological anxiety exists when...
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a person's incompatible constructs can no longer be tolerated and the person's construction system breaks down.
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The sense of having lost one's core role structure.
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Guilt.
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Helping clients change their outlook on life by acting out a predetermined role, first within the relative security of the therapeutic setting and then in the environment beyond therapy where they enact the role continuously over a period of several weeks.
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Fixed-role therapy.
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Discovers ways in which people construe significant people in their lives.
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REP test
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What were the results in Harper and Schoeman's "Gender as a Personal Construct" study?
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Participants who frequently engaged in gender stereotyping also organized their person schemas in terms of gender.
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What were the results in Weiss, Watson, and Mcguire's "Smoking and Self-Concept" test?
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Smokers identified more with their descriptions of smoker personalities, and vice versa for nonsmokers.
Smokers didn't have a lower self-esteem. The REP is not only a useful tool for assessing self-concept, but it is perhaps a more valid and more individualized tool than standard questionnaire inventories. |
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Generating Research?
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Pretty high.
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Falsifiability?
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Low.
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Organize knowledge?
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Low.
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Guide to action?
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Low.
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Internally consistent?
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High.
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Parsimony?
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High.
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Optimism vs. Pessimism?
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Optimistic
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Causality vs. Teleology?
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Teleological
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Determinism vs. Free choice?
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Free choice
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Conscious vs. Unconscious?
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Conscious
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Biological vs. social?
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Social.
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Uniqueness vs. similarities?
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Uniqueness.
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