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86 Cards in this Set

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Erikson's belief on personality.

Personality and identity are dynamic and who we are changes over time

Ego Psychology

Ego is not just mediator of conflict, and it it's independent, central component of personality

Eriksons Psychosocial development

Each stage has a crisis, which involves being pulled in opposite directions. Resolving crisis preps for next stage.

Epigenetics per Erikson?

Stages are genetically predetermined and occur in a specific sequence; each stage builds on the others before it

Resolution of crisis

Never absolute or completed

Favorable ratio

To resolve crisis, must experience greater magnitude of positive pole relative to the negative poles. More positive the more virtue of that stage

Eriksons Stages of development

Trust V Mistrust


Autonomy V Shame/Doubt


Initiative V Guilt


Industry V inferiority


Identity V Role confusion


Intimacy V Isolation


Generativity V Stagnation


Integrity V Despair

Stage 1)

Trust V Mistrust: Basic trust from confidence that infants can depend on needs being met. Virtue: hope

Stage 2)

Atonamy V Shame/Doubt: control over motor skills, independent, learns no; gains self esteem from doing things independently.


Virtue: Will

Stage 3)

Initiative V Guilt; awareness of individuality, and sex differences. Sex based role playing and sexual feeling. Virtue: purpose.

Which if Eriksons stages does conscience/ morality develop?

Stage 3): initiative V guilt; develops goals, identifies with grown ups.

Which if Erikson's stages would a child first seek contact with peers?

Stage 3): initiative V guilt

Stage 4)

Industry V Inferiority: 6-11. Asexual period; cognitive development accelerates, intellectual curiosity, focus in schoolwork/ chores, new peer groups.

What would industry per Erikson look like

Involvement in school work, sports gaining praise for good work.

Stage 4) virtue

Competency

Which of Eriksons stages would a workaholic come from?

Stage 4

Stage 5)

Identity V Role confusion; 12-18. Respect own unique qualities and potential for future development; concern over occupational identity. Self-efficacy

Define ego identity

Self-image that integrates our ideas if what we are and what we want to be

Identity Confusion

Failure to forge a consistent identity; feelings of meaninglessness.

Stage 5 virtue

Fidelity (trueness to self)

Stage 6)

Intimacy V. Isolation: 18-35; mature intimacy, partner accepts faults and all.

Intimacy by Erikson

Ability to be attached and close to someone without losing self-identity.

Isolation via Erikson

Failure to maintain close relationships and/or maintain one's own identity within relationships; overly dependent, infantile or self-absorbed.

Stage 6 Virtue

Love

Stage 7)

Generativity V Stagnation: 35-55; a person takes a place in society and contributes to it; productive career. Starts passing on their wisdom/ experiences to others

Generative via Erikson

Teaching and guiding the next generation

Stagnation via Erikson

Inability to pass along wisdom; boredom and burnout; has negative consequences for upcoming generations

Stage 7 Virtue

Care and concerns for others



Stage 8)

Integrity V Despair: 55+ evaluation of entire life; integrating past, present, and future, peaceful wholeness looking back at one's life

Integrity via Erikson

Continuity of human existence; see one's generation as merely a link in the chain (Not the only generation.

Despair via Erikson

Obsession with death; feeling the time is to short; bitterness and cynicism

Stage 8 Virtue

Wisdom.

Identity Status was theorized by who and what are the four types?

Marcia came up with personality during young adulthood.


1) Moratorium


2) Identity Diffusion


3) Foreclosure


4) Identity Achievement

Marcia's Identity Diffusion

Not in crisis; no firm commitments to life goals (Aimless drifting). May have a distant relationship with parents

Macia's Foreclosure

Not in crisis, but committed to certain goals, beliefs, values. Goals may be chosen by parents, rigged; driven by external goals

Marcia's Moratorium

In crisis and activley exploring/ considering options to resolve crisis. Vague goals; ambivalent and uncertain; may daydream.

Marcia's Identity achievement

Gone through crisis and now have firm value, life goals, and occupational goals.

What did Skinner study

Behaviorism: which is studying what is observable/ only importance is that.

Define shaping

Process of rewarding successive approximation of a desired behavior

Thorndike interests

Trial and error learning. Law of effects

Define Law of effect

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, those followed by negative outcomes are weakened

Operant conditioning

learning in which a change in consequences of response affects the rate at which response occurs. stickers for reading

reinforcement

increase behavior by presenting positive stimulus or removing adverse stimuli

Positive reinforcement

increases the frequency of a behavior by providing a rewards stimuli (Increase behavior)

Negative reinforcer

increase the frequency of a behavior by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus (Increase behavior)

Punishment

application of aversive stimuli following response in an effort to decrease the likelihood of the response will occur

Positive punishment

Adding action too... The behavior will decrease when followed by unpleasant stimuli (Spanking)

Negative punishment

Taking something away... behavior decrease when positive stimuli are removed( Not being allowed to watch tv)

Problems with punishments

only stops the behavior when the punisher is around. creative forms of misbehavior. doesn't help form a new way of doing a behavior.

continuous reinforcement

behavior is reinforced every time it happens

partial reinforcement four types

1) Fixed ratio: after doing so many times you get something good


2) Variable ratio: Good thing happens after an average number of times doing something, unpredictably


3) fixed interval: reinforcing after a fixed time.


4) variable-interval: Reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

Primary Reinforcement

an innately satisfying reinforcer... no learning required, e.g., food

Secondary reinforcement

Learning satisfying reinforcers (Money)

Skinners view on humans

People are empty boxes, stimuli response machines.

Radical behaviorism

Thoughts and emotions are not necessary in understanding people.

Skinner's view of personality

"personality gets in the way of what psychology should really be about: the modification of behavior

No free will

We are not independent of our environment

Trait theory of personality

Theories that attempt to account for personality and differences between people in terms of their person charectoristics

Factor analysis

Statistical reduction technique: reducing alot to a few groups

Correlation

Describes strength and direction between two or more charectoristics

Negative correlation

Two variables go in opposite direction

Positive correlation

Variables go in the same direction

The assumption in factor analysis

can make with two variables correlate with each other

Factor

A cluster of related or highly intercorrelated variables (e.g., Neuroticism)

Pros to factor analysis

Reduces data to a manageable number of factors


summarizes the relationship of variables and aids in conceptualizing

Cons to factor analysis

naming/numbering factors are subjective, and data-driven not theory-driven.



What are Eysnecks three super traits

1)Psychoticism


2) Extraversion


3) Neuroticism

Define Trait

qualities or aspects of personality that makeup super traits

Habitual responses

Specific responses that recur under similar circumstances; how a person typically behaves across situations.

Define Specific responses

Situational behavior-- behaviors or experiences in specific situations; potentially not indicative of the person.

Lemon-Juice Test

Introverts will salivate more than extraverts

Neuroticism

Emotional stability/ instability

Define Labitlity

Changing mood quickly

Define Psychoticism

Impulvitiy v. control. Psychopath one end over controlling on the other end.

The Big 5 (OCEAN)

1)Openess


2) Conscientiousness


3) Extraversion


4) Assertavness


5) Neoroticism

Openess to experience

Seek out a variety of experiences, imaginative/practical people. intellectually curious.

Agreeableness

Pleasant, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, cooperative/helpfull

Conscientiousness

dependable, organized, carefull, reliable, resopnsible/hardowrking

Dark Triad is made up of what factors (Delroy Paulhus)

Narcissism, Psychopathy and Machiavellianism

Define Narcissism

Exaggerated feelings of grandiosity, vanity, self-absorbed, and entitlement

Define Psychopathy

Impulsivity, thrill-seeking, callousness, fearless, and interpersonal aggression

Define Machiavellianism

Manipulating, selfish, calculating, use whatever means necessary.

What do all the dark triad things have in common

Low agreeableness, callousness, egocentrism, dishonesty, interpersonal manipulation.

Define Sadism

Humiliating other demeaning behavior hurts other for personal gain.

Three types of sadism

1) Direct physical Sadism


2) Direct Verbal Sadism


3) Vicarious sadism

Extension

Eliminating behavior by witholding reinforcement