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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Erikson's belief on personality. |
Personality and identity are dynamic and who we are changes over time |
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Ego Psychology |
Ego is not just mediator of conflict, and it it's independent, central component of personality |
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Eriksons Psychosocial development |
Each stage has a crisis, which involves being pulled in opposite directions. Resolving crisis preps for next stage. |
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Epigenetics per Erikson? |
Stages are genetically predetermined and occur in a specific sequence; each stage builds on the others before it |
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Resolution of crisis |
Never absolute or completed |
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Favorable ratio |
To resolve crisis, must experience greater magnitude of positive pole relative to the negative poles. More positive the more virtue of that stage |
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Eriksons Stages of development |
Trust V Mistrust Autonomy V Shame/Doubt Initiative V Guilt Industry V inferiority Identity V Role confusion Intimacy V Isolation Generativity V Stagnation Integrity V Despair |
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Stage 1) |
Trust V Mistrust: Basic trust from confidence that infants can depend on needs being met. Virtue: hope |
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Stage 2) |
Atonamy V Shame/Doubt: control over motor skills, independent, learns no; gains self esteem from doing things independently. Virtue: Will |
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Stage 3) |
Initiative V Guilt; awareness of individuality, and sex differences. Sex based role playing and sexual feeling. Virtue: purpose. |
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Which if Eriksons stages does conscience/ morality develop? |
Stage 3): initiative V guilt; develops goals, identifies with grown ups. |
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Which if Erikson's stages would a child first seek contact with peers? |
Stage 3): initiative V guilt |
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Stage 4) |
Industry V Inferiority: 6-11. Asexual period; cognitive development accelerates, intellectual curiosity, focus in schoolwork/ chores, new peer groups. |
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What would industry per Erikson look like |
Involvement in school work, sports gaining praise for good work. |
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Stage 4) virtue |
Competency |
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Which of Eriksons stages would a workaholic come from? |
Stage 4 |
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Stage 5) |
Identity V Role confusion; 12-18. Respect own unique qualities and potential for future development; concern over occupational identity. Self-efficacy |
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Define ego identity |
Self-image that integrates our ideas if what we are and what we want to be |
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Identity Confusion |
Failure to forge a consistent identity; feelings of meaninglessness. |
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Stage 5 virtue |
Fidelity (trueness to self) |
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Stage 6) |
Intimacy V. Isolation: 18-35; mature intimacy, partner accepts faults and all. |
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Intimacy by Erikson |
Ability to be attached and close to someone without losing self-identity. |
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Isolation via Erikson |
Failure to maintain close relationships and/or maintain one's own identity within relationships; overly dependent, infantile or self-absorbed. |
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Stage 6 Virtue |
Love |
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Stage 7) |
Generativity V Stagnation: 35-55; a person takes a place in society and contributes to it; productive career. Starts passing on their wisdom/ experiences to others |
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Generative via Erikson |
Teaching and guiding the next generation |
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Stagnation via Erikson |
Inability to pass along wisdom; boredom and burnout; has negative consequences for upcoming generations |
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Stage 7 Virtue |
Care and concerns for others |
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Stage 8) |
Integrity V Despair: 55+ evaluation of entire life; integrating past, present, and future, peaceful wholeness looking back at one's life |
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Integrity via Erikson |
Continuity of human existence; see one's generation as merely a link in the chain (Not the only generation. |
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Despair via Erikson |
Obsession with death; feeling the time is to short; bitterness and cynicism |
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Stage 8 Virtue |
Wisdom. |
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Identity Status was theorized by who and what are the four types? |
Marcia came up with personality during young adulthood. 1) Moratorium 2) Identity Diffusion 3) Foreclosure 4) Identity Achievement |
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Marcia's Identity Diffusion |
Not in crisis; no firm commitments to life goals (Aimless drifting). May have a distant relationship with parents |
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Macia's Foreclosure |
Not in crisis, but committed to certain goals, beliefs, values. Goals may be chosen by parents, rigged; driven by external goals |
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Marcia's Moratorium |
In crisis and activley exploring/ considering options to resolve crisis. Vague goals; ambivalent and uncertain; may daydream. |
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Marcia's Identity achievement |
Gone through crisis and now have firm value, life goals, and occupational goals. |
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What did Skinner study |
Behaviorism: which is studying what is observable/ only importance is that. |
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Define shaping |
Process of rewarding successive approximation of a desired behavior |
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Thorndike interests |
Trial and error learning. Law of effects |
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Define Law of effect |
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, those followed by negative outcomes are weakened |
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Operant conditioning |
learning in which a change in consequences of response affects the rate at which response occurs. stickers for reading |
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reinforcement |
increase behavior by presenting positive stimulus or removing adverse stimuli |
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Positive reinforcement |
increases the frequency of a behavior by providing a rewards stimuli (Increase behavior) |
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Negative reinforcer |
increase the frequency of a behavior by removing an aversive or unpleasant stimulus (Increase behavior) |
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Punishment |
application of aversive stimuli following response in an effort to decrease the likelihood of the response will occur |
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Positive punishment |
Adding action too... The behavior will decrease when followed by unpleasant stimuli (Spanking) |
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Negative punishment |
Taking something away... behavior decrease when positive stimuli are removed( Not being allowed to watch tv) |
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Problems with punishments |
only stops the behavior when the punisher is around. creative forms of misbehavior. doesn't help form a new way of doing a behavior. |
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continuous reinforcement |
behavior is reinforced every time it happens |
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partial reinforcement four types |
1) Fixed ratio: after doing so many times you get something good 2) Variable ratio: Good thing happens after an average number of times doing something, unpredictably 3) fixed interval: reinforcing after a fixed time. 4) variable-interval: Reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed. |
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Primary Reinforcement |
an innately satisfying reinforcer... no learning required, e.g., food |
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Secondary reinforcement |
Learning satisfying reinforcers (Money) |
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Skinners view on humans |
People are empty boxes, stimuli response machines. |
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Radical behaviorism |
Thoughts and emotions are not necessary in understanding people. |
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Skinner's view of personality |
"personality gets in the way of what psychology should really be about: the modification of behavior |
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No free will |
We are not independent of our environment |
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Trait theory of personality |
Theories that attempt to account for personality and differences between people in terms of their person charectoristics |
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Factor analysis |
Statistical reduction technique: reducing alot to a few groups |
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Correlation |
Describes strength and direction between two or more charectoristics |
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Negative correlation |
Two variables go in opposite direction |
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Positive correlation |
Variables go in the same direction |
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The assumption in factor analysis |
can make with two variables correlate with each other |
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Factor |
A cluster of related or highly intercorrelated variables (e.g., Neuroticism) |
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Pros to factor analysis |
Reduces data to a manageable number of factors summarizes the relationship of variables and aids in conceptualizing |
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Cons to factor analysis |
naming/numbering factors are subjective, and data-driven not theory-driven. |
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What are Eysnecks three super traits |
1)Psychoticism 2) Extraversion 3) Neuroticism |
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Define Trait |
qualities or aspects of personality that makeup super traits |
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Habitual responses |
Specific responses that recur under similar circumstances; how a person typically behaves across situations. |
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Define Specific responses |
Situational behavior-- behaviors or experiences in specific situations; potentially not indicative of the person. |
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Lemon-Juice Test |
Introverts will salivate more than extraverts |
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Neuroticism |
Emotional stability/ instability |
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Define Labitlity |
Changing mood quickly |
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Define Psychoticism |
Impulvitiy v. control. Psychopath one end over controlling on the other end. |
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The Big 5 (OCEAN) |
1)Openess 2) Conscientiousness 3) Extraversion 4) Assertavness 5) Neoroticism |
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Openess to experience |
Seek out a variety of experiences, imaginative/practical people. intellectually curious. |
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Agreeableness |
Pleasant, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, cooperative/helpfull |
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Conscientiousness |
dependable, organized, carefull, reliable, resopnsible/hardowrking |
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Dark Triad is made up of what factors (Delroy Paulhus) |
Narcissism, Psychopathy and Machiavellianism |
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Define Narcissism |
Exaggerated feelings of grandiosity, vanity, self-absorbed, and entitlement |
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Define Psychopathy |
Impulsivity, thrill-seeking, callousness, fearless, and interpersonal aggression |
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Define Machiavellianism |
Manipulating, selfish, calculating, use whatever means necessary. |
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What do all the dark triad things have in common |
Low agreeableness, callousness, egocentrism, dishonesty, interpersonal manipulation. |
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Define Sadism |
Humiliating other demeaning behavior hurts other for personal gain. |
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Three types of sadism |
1) Direct physical Sadism 2) Direct Verbal Sadism 3) Vicarious sadism |
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Extension |
Eliminating behavior by witholding reinforcement |