Theories Of Counseling And The Helping Relationship

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Carl jung believe that unconscious has two parts

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Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious: An unconscious that one inherits which is common to all individuals. This type of unconscious is composed of archetypes

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Archetypes include the persona, the anima, animus, and shadow. Pesona means

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A social mask or public face, that the person wears to protect ourselves

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Animus

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Explain gender. This is the masculine side

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Anima

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Explain gender. This is the feminine side of the male

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Androgynous

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An individual that has both male and female characteristics

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The self

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is symbolized via mandala / a balance between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious

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Extroversion/introversion typologies

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This typologies was created by Jung. Jung felt that we possess both, however one is dominant. The Myers– Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has its roots in his work

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Individuation

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a Jung's term for becoming a unique human being

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Analytic Psychology

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(by Carl Jung) is an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion

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Collective Unconscious

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the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species. Implies that all humans have this which is universal inherited, unconscious neural patterns

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Shadow

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has the deepest roots and is the most dangerous and powerful archetype. It represents our dark side, the thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward

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Logos

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Carl Jung, founder of analytic psychology, said men operate in logic or the _____ principle

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Eros

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Carl Jung, founder of analytic psychology, said women are intuitive, operating on the _____ principle

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Mandala

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Carl Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dream. It represent self–unification. He called them __

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FORWARD CONDITIONING

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When the CS comes before the UCS (typical classical conditioning)

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BACKWARD CONDITIONING

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When the UCS comes before the CS. This type of conditioning doesn't work (u before the c)

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THE .5 OR 1/2 SECOND

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the most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

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BELL

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Conditioned Stimulus (conditioned=learned)

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MEAT

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Unconditioned Stimulus or "reinforcing" or "charged stimulus" (unconditioned = unlearned) The U.S. loves a lot of _____

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DELAY CONDITIONING

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When the CS is delayed until the US occurs

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IRRADIATION

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Stimulus generalization or also called second order conditioning occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (bell) produces the same reaction

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STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION OR STIMULUS DIFFERENTIATION

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Ex. a dog would only salivate when the department chairmen sounds his horn. the dog would not have any reaction with a buzzer, piano key, bell.

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IRVING YALOM

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He is noted for his work in group therapy

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ROLLO MAY

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He introduced Existential therapy to the U.S.

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VIKTOR FRANKL

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–Father of logo therapy (healing through meaning0 Father of paradoxical intention (exaggeration of a dysfunctional behavior)
–Noogenic neurosis: Frustration of the will to meaning
Prisoner in German concentration camps from 1942–1945

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EXISTENTIAL

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It emphasizes the client's free choice, decision and will. Clients' perception in the here–and–now. This therapy has been criticized for being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

*The counselor helps the client discover meaning in his life by doing a deed, experiencing a value or suffering. Individuals have choices in their lives and one cannot blame others or childhood circumstances for lack of fulfillment

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PHENOMENOLOGY

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Client's internal personal experience of events

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ONTOLOGY

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The philosophy of being and existing

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EXISTENTIALISTS FOCUS PRIMARILY ON

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The client's perception in the here–and–now

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EXISTENTIALISTS PHILOSOPHERS

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Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, Boss, Kierkegaard, Nietzsxhe, Tillich, Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jasper

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I–THOU RELATIONSHIP

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Horizontal relationship (equal)

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GESTAL THERAPY

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Here–and–now, stay with the feeling (affective model since urge clients to purge emotions in order to feel better), this therapy emphasizes experience rather than interpretation; the goal is to eliminate the "it talk" and replace it with "I statements" (taking responsibility), psychodrama

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PROJECTION TECHNIQUE

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Client is ask to act like the person that he dislike

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JACOB L. MORENO

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Psychodrama was inveted by ____. This person also coned the term group therapy in 1931

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RETROFLECTION

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The act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

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FRITZ PEARLS

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Gestal Therapy: a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole. It also imply that the integrated whole is greater than the sum of its parts proposed by Max Wertheimer

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GESTAL PROCESS OF THERAPY

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Peeling an onion; 5 layers:

1)phony layer - The roles the we play. We tend to play someone else because we don't like what we are. Shield ourselves from the rejection of showing our real selves

2)phobic layer - Fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness

3)impasse layer - the person feels struck. Most people are stuck here because of fear from moving to a new point where the familiar environment is absent

4)implosive layer - willingness to expose the true self

5)explosive layer - person has relief due to authenticity

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TOP DOG

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Represents our consciousness that drives our overt actions and therefore insists on being right.

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UNDER DOG

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Acts as passive resistance by being lazy, procrastinating, and acting inept.

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UNFINISHED BUSINESS

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When unexpressed emotions interferes with present situations and causes difficulties

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WOLFGANG KOHLER

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Insight learning – chimpaze learn about food

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BLUMA ZEIGARNIK

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Zeigarnik effect which suggest that motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks, and thus the recall unfinished activities better

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GAMES OF DIALOGUE (DIALOGUE EXPERIMENT)

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Top dog, underdog, empty chair technique

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Alfred Adler

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Individual Psychology. He emphasized the drive for superiority or a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior

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Individual Psychology

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Focuses on the fact that behavior is one's unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority. An individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen

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Will to power

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Adler stressed this to generate feelings of superiority

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Principle of fictional finalist

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this means that the behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities rather than the past

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Family constellation or birth order

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First born child–conservative leaders Second– more competitive and rebellious

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Alfred Adler's Theory

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Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction describe: 1st born – Often go to great lengths to please their parents. 2nd child – Often try to compete with a firstborn child and often surpasses the first child's performance A middle child/children: will often feel that he/she is being treated unfairly. Middle children are seeing as quite manipulative. Youngest child: can be pampered or spoiled. They often excel by modeling/imitating the older children's behavior

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Neo–Freudians

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Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations.

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Rudolph Dreikurs

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Adler's student, he was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. He brought the Adlerian psychology to the U.S.

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Social connectedness

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Adler emphasized that people wish to belong.

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Inferiority feelings

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Adler saw it as a normal condition of all people and as a source of all human striving. This motivate us to strive for mastery, success (superiority), and completion.

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Phenomenological

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View the world from the client's subjective frame of reference. Includes the individual's perceptions, thoughts, feelings, values, beliefs, convictions, and conclusions

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Behavior modification

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This strategies are based heavily on Skinnerian principles

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B. F. Skinner

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Operant conditioning also known as Instrumental conditioning)

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Baseline (A)

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It indicates the frequency of the behavior untreated

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CONTINUOS SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

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Reinforcement every time the desire behavior

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THINNING / INTERMITTENT SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT / PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT

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Person will be given a schedule of reinforcement that does not reinforce every desirable action.
–The two basic classes are ratio and interval.
–Fixed: reinforcement always take place after a fixed time or number of response
–Variable: Average number of responses or times may be used
*Variable Ratio: the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish

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BEHAVIORS ARE

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Operants

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RATIO

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Based on the number of responses

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INTERVAL

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Based on time

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Psychoanalysis

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It's a theory of personality and a form of long–term psychotherapy (3–5 years or more). In classical psychoanalysis (by Freud) the patient (the analysand) is seen 4 or 5 times per week. It's a historic therapy since it focuses on the past.

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Free association

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Saying whatever comes to mind

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Repression

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Something that is too painful to face, is totally forgotten. Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are removal from consciousness (most important). Ex. My childhood memories

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Displacement

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Taking your anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger. Ex. I am angry at my boyfriend, when i go home I kick my dog

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Projection

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You can't accept a quality about yourself so you attribute it to others. Ex. You hate someone but your superego tells you this behavior in unacceptable. Then, you can solve the problem by believing they hate you.

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Reaction Formation

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You deny an unacceptable unconscious impulse by acting in the opposite manner. Ex. a person who is angry with a colleague actually ends up being courteous and friendly towards him

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Sublimation

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You express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner. Ex. Aggressive impulses can be channeled into athletic activities, so that the person finds a way of expressing aggressive feelings and, as an added bonus, is often praised

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Rationalization

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Manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego. Ex a person is not accept in the university, then she says she didn't want to go there anyways

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Identification

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Identifying with successful causes, org or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile. Joining a feared person (such as a gang) to relieve your anxiety

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Suppression or reality denial

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(not unconscious or automatic) Occurs when you purposely don't think of a situation. Ex. Smokers refuse to admit that smoking is bad for their health

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Transference

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The analysand (client) behaves as if the analyst is a parent or caretaker from the past

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Abreaction or Catharsis

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The discharge of repressed emotions

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Superego

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The moral seat of the mind housing two entities the conscience and the ego ideal. It represents the ideal rather than the real and strives not for pleasure but for perfection.

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Ego

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A reality principle that balances the id and the superego

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Id

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Houses biological forces, especially sex and aggression. (pleasure principle striving to immediate gratification and tension reduction)

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Eros

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Life instinct

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Thanatos

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Death instinct

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Unconscious

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Stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material. (needs and motivation that are inaccessible) It also includes dreams: symbolic representations of needs, wishes, and conflicts. Slips of the tongue and forgetting, posthypnotic suggestions, material derived from free association techniques, material devoured from projective technique, and symbolic content of psychotic symptoms

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Reality Anxiety

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Fear of danger from the external world

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Neurotic Anxiety

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Fear that that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished

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Moral Anxiety

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Fear of one's own conscience

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Ego–defense mechanism

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it help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. When the ego cannot control anxiety by rational and direct methods, it relied on indirect ones that are name_______ This indirect methods has two characteristics 1) Either deny or distort reality 2)Operate on an unconscious level

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Regression

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Going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands

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Introjection

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Taking in and "swallowing" the values and standards of others. Ex.When classmates share reasoning behind their political beliefs

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Compensation

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Masking a perceived weaknesses or developing certain motive traits to make up for limitations.

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Oral Stage

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Birth to 1–Deals with the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self–esteem

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Anal Stage

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1–3: Deals with the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one's own power as a person and the lack of a sense of autonomy

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Phallic Stage

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3–7: Deals with the inability to fully accept one's sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or woman. Sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure. The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). This is resolved through the process of identification, which involves the child adopting the characteristics of the same sex parent.

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Latency Stage

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6–12: No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage (latent means hidden). The libido is dormant. Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage and sexual energy can be sublimated (re: defense mechanisms) towards school work, hobbies and friendships.

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Genital Stage

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Adolescent and adulthood: This is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one–to–one relationship with another person in our 20's. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage.

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Interpretation

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Consists of the analyst's pointing out, explaining , and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistance, and the therapeutic relationship itself. The function of _______ is to enable the ego to assimilate new material and to speed up the process of uncovering further unconscious material

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Dream Analysis

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A procedure to uncovering unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems

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Latent Content

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consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears.

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Manifest Content

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which id the dream as it appears to the dreamer

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Resistance

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a concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material

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WILLIAM GLASSER

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Reality Therapy

excuses are nor accepted, therapy is concerned with the here–and–now, unconscious is avoid, when past is discussed the focus is on successful behaviors

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ROBERT E. WUBBOLDING

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Extended reality therapy with WDEP

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REALITY THERAPY

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Created by William Glasser, is based upon the belief that psychological problems are caused by individuals' inability to fulfill their basic needs. Glasser believed that people are responsible for choosing how to get their needs met. By becoming responsible for their own growth, people develop a success identity rather than a failure identity.

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FAILURE IDENTIY

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The result of one's inability to meet the need to be loved and the need to be valued.

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CHOICE THEORY (control theory)

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A philosophy that values individuals taking control of their life by being responsible for their own choice, decisions, and goals. The only person whose behavior we can control is our own

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SUCCESS IDENTITY

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The result of the attainment of the need to be loved and the need to be valued.

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8 STEPS FOR REALITY THERAPY PROCESS

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1. Build a good relationship. 2. Examine the current behavior.
3. Evaluate whether the behavior is helpful or not.
4. Brainstorm alternatives.
5. Make a commitment to try selected alternatives.
6. At a later time examine the effectiveness of the commitment – no punishment and no excuses.
7. Accept the logical and natural consequences of the behavior.
8. Do not become discouraged

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WDEP

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W: wants, needs and perceptions D: direction and doing
E: self–evaluation
P: planning

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BCP

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Perception controls the behavior

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GLASSER'S POSITION ON MENTAL ILLNESS

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Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

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ERIC BERNE

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Transactional Analysis (P–A–C) –Often use diagrams or pictorial representations in the treatment process
–Used the empty chair technique (Gestal) and contracting (Behavioral)
–Different degree of game (the higher the number the higher the hurt ex. first–degree game is less hurtful than second–degree game)

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EXTEROPSYCHE

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The parent ego is the synthesis of the messages received from parental figures and significant others incorporated into the personality. –Nurturing Parent
–Critical Parent: master of the shoulds, musts and oughts
–Prejudicial Parent: opinionated with biases not based on fact (ex. women should cook)
–Incomplete Parent state: death or absence of the parent can result in this state

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS or EGO STATE ANALYSIS

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When a counselor analyzes out which ego state a client is primarily operating. Describing the client using P–A–C conceptualization is called_____

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SECOND ORDER STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

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when a counselor analyzes an ego states within an ego state

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NEOPSYCHE

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The adult ego which it is rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings

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ARCHAEOSYCHE

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The child ego state. –Natural child: spontaneous, impulsive, untrained
–Little professor: creative and intuitive
–Adapted child: he learns how to comply to avoid parental slap on the hand

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INJUNCTIONS

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Messages we receive from parents to form the ego states; this cause us to make certain early life decisions (ex. parent message: I wish you would have never been born, then the decision might be "if life gets very hard, i will just kill myself)

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COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTION

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occurs when vectors of communication run parallel (PARALLEL VECTORS OF COMMUNICATION); a transaction in which you get an appropriate, predicted response

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CROSSED TRANSACTIONS

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It occurs when vectors from a message send and a message received do not run parallel. (My adult to your adult; response from your adult to my child ego) This results in deadlock communication or a host of hurtful feelings

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TOM HARRIS

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–I am Ok; you are not ok: criminals, adolescents delinquents such persons feel victimized and often paranoid. (homicidal) –i am not ok; you are ok: self–abusive person known as "masochistic personality"
–im ok; you are ok: winner choose –i am not ok; you are not ok: most pessimistic position (kill someone else, and then his live)

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KARPMAN'S TRIANGLE

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3 roles to manipulative drama: similar to TA but the person switches roles during the interaction –Persecutor
–Rescuer
–Victim

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ULTERIOR TRANSACTION

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When a disguised message is sent. Steiner said that this contains hidden transactions

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GAME ANALYSIS

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The act of looking at the consequences of games is known as _____. The higher the number on the game (1st degree game vs 3rd degree) the greater the hurt/

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RACKETS

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Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game. When someone manipulates others to experience a childhood feeling

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COLLECTING TRADING STAMPS

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Experience of trying to secure these feelings

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P–A–C (3 Ego States)

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Parent: Nurturing and Critical parent (messages received from parental figures in childhood (exteropsyche)


Adult: processes facts and does not focus on feelings (neopsyche)


Child (archaeopsyche): natural child, adapted child, and little professor

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LIFE SCRIPT IS

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A life drama or plot.

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Never script

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a person who never feels she will succeed

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Always script

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Individuals who will always remain a given way

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After script

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A person believes she will behave after a certain event occurs

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Open ended scripts

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in which the person has no direction or plan

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Until script

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in which the client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives

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ALBERT BANDURA

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–Social Learning Theory: A combination of classical and operant conditioning with observational learning

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ARNOLD LAZARUS

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Multimodal Therapy: It's grounded is social–cognitive theory and applies diverse behavioral techniques. (technical eclecticism). Multimodal therapists borrow techniques from other systems to choose which treatment strategies will work best with each client under which particular circumstances.

THE BASIC I.D. B)Behavior A)Affect S)Sensation I)Imagery C)Cognition I)Interpersonal Relationships D)Drugs, biological functions, nutrition, and exercise

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IVAN PAVLOV

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Classical Conditioning (Respondent Conditioning) UCS=Meat UR: Salivation ––> CS: Bell CR:Salivation


Respondent behavior = reflexes

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B.F. SKINNER

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Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Conditioning

–Reinforcers (increase): Positive (add–treat) Negative (remove aversive stimulus – no cage)


–Punishment (decrease): Positive (aversive stimulus is add–spank) Negative (reinforcing stimulus is removed– ignore dog)

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MARSHA M. LINEHAN

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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) employs behavioral and cognitive behavior techniques, including of exposure therapy in which the client learns to tolerate painful emotions without enacting in self–destructive behaviors. Mindfulness training primarily Zen Buddhist principles and practice. Skills are taught: Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, Distress Tolerance

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JON KABAT–ZINN on Kabat–Zinn

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–Mindfulness–Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Consists of the notion that much of our distress and suffering results from continually wanting things to be different. It assist clients in learning how to live more fully in the present

Mindfuness–Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): 8 week group treatment

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JOSEPH WOLPE

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Systematic Desensitization

1) Relaxation training
2)Development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy 3)Desensitization in imagination
4)In vivo desensitization

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FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT (BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS)

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ABC Model: A (antecedent) B (Behavior) C (Consequences)

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EDMUND JACOBSON

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PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION A method to teach clients to cope with stress. Clients are instructed to actually feel and experience the tension building up

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IN VIVO FLOODING (also called Deliberate Exposure with Response Prevention)

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Flooding occurs when a client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus. Consists of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety producing stimuli. Remaining exposed to feared stimuli for a prolonged period without engaging in any anxiety–reducing behaviors allows the anxiety to decrease on its own

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FRANCINE SHAPIRO

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EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING (EMDR)

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IMPLOSIVE THERAPY

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Always conducted in the imagination

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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

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Counselor mud care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagree with the client's position

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PERSON–CENTERED

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–This approach is characterized as an existential or humanistic approach (third force psychology – humanistic psychology) –Carl Rogers.
–Three name changes: 1940sNon–directive counseling, 1951–client–centered therapy, and change in 1974 to person–centered approach. Also known as self–theory.

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THIRD FORCE PSYCHOLOGY

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Humanistic psychology

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FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE COUNSELING IN PERSON–CENTERED FOR CLIENT CHANGE TO OCCUR

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–Genuineness/congruence: external behavior matches an internal response or state *** –Unconditional positive regard / non possessive warmth
–Empathic understanding