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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a MUS?
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Illness or symptoms that have no detectable physical pathology.
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In a London study, what percent of people presented with MUS?
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62%
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What was the percent of people were finally diagnosed with MUS with the 582 questionnaires in London?
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52%
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Give three specialities that MUS are common in.
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Gynaecology, neurology, gastroentroenterology.
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Give four common symptoms of MUS.
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Chronic fatigue, atypical chest pains, palpitations and abdo pain.
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Give three common conditions that have MUS?
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ME, IBS and chronic fatigue syndrome.
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Give three common reponses to MUS.
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Reject explanations, collusive explanations and empowering explanations.
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What are collusive explanations?
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Ones where you just tell the patient what they want to hear.
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What do empowering explanations do for the patient?
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Identifies a tangible mechanism, takes the blame off the patient and forms an alliance between the doctor and patient.
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Give four things from the patient's perspective of living with MUS.
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Not enter the sick role so can't take time off work, uncertainty, lack of social support and information, and consequences for self and identity.
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Give three effects that MUS can have on doctors.
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Frustration, can't get patients to accept their psychological illness, think they have failed in their jobs.
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Give three assumptions that doctors make about patients with MUS.
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They get physical intervention coz they demand it, they seek cure and diagnosis, and the explanation lies in the patients.
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Give two problems with treating people with MUS.
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The pain is subjective, and it isn't clear how it should be treated as there's no physical cause.
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Give four characteristics of chronic illness.
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It's long-term, medical intervention is palliative, can impace on all aspects of the patient's life, and can de disabling, cause intense pain, embarrassment and cause stigma.
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How many adults in the UK live with chronic illness?
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17.5m.
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How many people in the UK suffer with arthritis?
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8.5m
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Who made the sick role?
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Parsons.
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What are three of the patient's rights and obligations in the sick role?
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Want to get better as soon as possible, consult and cooperate with medical experts, and exempted from normal social obligations.
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What is the clinical iceberg?
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The illnesses that are unreported.
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Give three things that are needed to access the sick role.
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Need to obtain help, need to get some sort of diagnosis, be prepared that diagnosis could bring access to help eg support groups, benefits etc, but could also bring new uncertainties eg prognosis, social, employment, finance and self identity.
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What is an enacted stigma?
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Discrimination by others.
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What is felt stigma?
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Fear of being discriminated by others.
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What is a passing stigma?
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Concealment of an invisible stigma eg HIV.
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What is a covering stigma?
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Concealment of visible stigma eg eczema.
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Give three consequences of stigma.
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Shame, embarrassment, social isolation.
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What are three areas of self management of chronic illness?
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Everyday work, illness work and biographical work.
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What is the government policy with chronic illness?
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To enhance PCC.
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Who did a study of epilepsy?
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Conrad.
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Give four things that Conrad concluded from the epilepsy study.
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Found that 42% are self regulators, there's experimentalism - see if they're OK without the drugs, there's a fear of drug dependency, and epileptic identity.
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What did Benson and Britton look into?
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Why people don't take hypertensive drugs.
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Give four things that Benson and Britton found about why people don't take hypertensive drugs.
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Drugs are best avoided, drugs are unsafe/unnatural, signifies bad health, and that doctors give out drugs too easily.
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Give four things that Benson and Britton found out about why people do take hypertensive drugs.
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Trust the doctor's advice, have a better piece of mind, improved blood pressure readings, and that they feel better.
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What three groups of factors need to be taken into consideration when managing diabetes?
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Individual factors eg food history, coping skills, diabetes related factors eg severity, duration, complications, and contextual (social) factors eg support from family and peers, occupation, and norms.
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What is the difference between girls and boys with young people and chronic illness?
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Girls are better at incorporating illness into their identity, whereas boys prefer to keep quiet.
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What can be a problem with teenagers with chronic illness?
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They could hide non compliance from parents, and negotiate responsibilities.
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What is the task of social scientists with the social context of food and eating?
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To reveal patterns and meaning of behaviour surrounding food.
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Give six factors that influence choices about food.
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Religion, advertising, taste, diseases eg diabetes, cost, and comfort.
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What are patterns of consumption?
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The social distribution of choice, habit or taste.
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How can social class play a part in eating?
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Some foods are deemed to be a symbol of economic status, and poor diets are associated with the lower classes.
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How can culture play a part in eating?
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In some cultures, foods carry a distinctively masculine or feminine charge.
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How can identities play a part in eating?
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"You are what you eat"
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How can gender play a part in eating?
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men stick to junk food and beer.
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How does the household expenditure of food compare now to the 1950s?
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Was 30% and is now 9%.
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Give two social constraints on choice of food.
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Lack of money to buy and time to prepare.
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What proportion of men live on beer and junk food?
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1/3.
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What are the main ingredients of men's diets?
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Chips.
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What is looking at children's eating habits in and out of school?
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Public health monitoring.
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How can age affect eating?
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Eldery people eating, the difference between boys and girls eating.
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How can ethnicity influence eating?
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The history of a nation's diet is the history of a nation itself.
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Gives three examples of how ethnicity can affect eating.
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Colonialism, migration, and trade and exploration.
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What is food poverty?
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The term used to describe a form of social exclusion which makes it hard for some people to obtain a nourishing diet.
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What percent does the lowest income decile spend on food compared to the highest?
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Lowest is 33%, whereas highest is 5%
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In the UK, what affects older people and single parents with young children, regarding eating?
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Decline of urban and public transport.
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What types of food are people with low incomes more likely to eat?
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Filling foods with high fat content.
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How can a balanced diet play a part in eating?
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Eating too little or too much has the capability of making people ill, whereas eating sensibly has the risk of being boring.
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What does discipline become?
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Individualised and internalised, a matter for self-restraint.
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What does re-regulation involve with discipline?
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Calculation and regimentation.
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What is the socio-economic context of eating?
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Commercialisation of energy intake and energy expenditure.
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What does commercialisation focus on?
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Consumption, not production.
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What three things make a obesogenic environment?
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Sedentry, fast convenient food and advertising.
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With the national study of obesity in 2003, globally how many people are overweight or obese?
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1.7 billion.
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What did Lang and Heasman show about obesity?
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In 2004 they stated that from 1980-2000, obesity trebled from 7-21%.
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What percent of the total UK population are obese atm?
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21%.
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What percent of men and women are overweight in the UK atm?
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Men - 46%.
Women - 32%. |
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What percent of children between 13-16 are overweight atm?
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20%.
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How much is the estimated cost of obesity cost a year to NHS for treatment?
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At least half a billion pounds.
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How much does it cost a year to the wider economy for obesity?
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£2 billion.
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What have been the two types of responses to aging food policies?
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Downstream and upstream.
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What is the downstream policy with obesity?
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Advice addressed to individuals, an ideology of choice.
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What is the upstream policy with obesity?
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Regulatory and legislative decisions affecting populations.
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Give an example of an upstream policy with obesity.
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The FSA and its £6m salt reduction campaign.
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Give the three different stages of the FSA's salt reduction campaign.
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2003 consultation - voluntary agreement of <6g per day, a shared responsibilty, however the industry said this was too hard.
2004 'food and health manifesto' - from the food industry, saying it would restrict competition and limit consumer choice. 2005 still in consultation - relaxed salt levels but supermarkets beating original targets. |
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How can the role of advertising affect obesity?
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McDonalds and Coca Cola spend more annually than the WHO do on everything.
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What are the three ways that has been recommended to tackle obesity?
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Taxation of fast foods, advertising ban, and portion size reduction and rationing.
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For the taxation of fast foods, what does this include?
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Fat and sugar dense foods.
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What have local governments made subsidies for, along with taxation of fast foods?
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Fruit and veg.
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What is increased, along with taxation of fast foods?
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Availability and lower cost of healthier foods.
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With the advertising ban, what is required on selected foods and drinks?
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Health warnings.
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Give two ways portion size reduction and rationing is made possible.
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Financial incentives to sell smaller size portions, and ration the purchase of selected foods.
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What is the maximum amount of salt people should have a day?
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6g.
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