The Water Sifu Treatment Overview

Front 1

Contamination

Back 1

The introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substance, wastes, in a concentration that makes the water unfit for its next intended use

Front 2

Disinfection

Back 2

The process designed to kill or inactivate most microorganisms in water, including essentially all pathogenic disease causing bacteria.

Front 3

Sterilization

Back 3

The removal or destruction of all microorganisms, including pathogens and other bacteria, vegetative forms, and spores

Front 4

List 4 Catagories of Contamination

Back 4

1 physical

2 chemical

3 biological (bacteria, protozones, viruses-smallest microbial cont.

4 radiological

Front 5

List 5 properties of Chlorine

Back 5

1 greenish-yellow liquid

2 it is 2.5 times heavier than air

3 it expands @ a ratio of 450:1 from liquid to gas

4 non-flamablable

5 it also supports combustion

Front 6

List the 5 types of chemical disinfection

Back 6

1 chlorine (most common) "aka" chloramines, chlorine dioxide

2 Iodine -high cost, and it has side effects to pregnant women and has been intended for the medical field

3 Bromine -it has handling difficulties

4 Bases -sodium hydroxide, high PH, and leaves and bitter taste

5 ozone- high cost, no residual, hard to store

Front 7

What does high PH do to water?

Back 7

Leaves a bitter taste in water

Front 8

Whats the difference between hypochlorus & hydrochloric acid?

Back 8

Hypochlorus is weaker than hydrochloric acid, but is a better disinfectant becuase of its properties being similar to water molecules

Front 9

What are 2 forms of hypochlorite?

Back 9

Calcium which is a powder form & raises the PH

Sodium which is a liquid form also raises the PH

Front 10

What are the differences in the 3 forms of Chlorine?

Back 10

Both liquid & powder forms raise the PH levels

Gas form will lower the PH levels

Front 11

Why is free chlorine residual so important?

Back 11

It has the highest disinfection ability

Front 12

List 4 factors that influence disinfection

Back 12

1-PH of the water, lower is better but not beyond recommend Lv

2-high temperature in water is better 70-85 f

3-contact time

4- Concentrations of disinfections

Front 13

What are the physical means of disinfections?

Back 13

1- Ultra Violet Rays, but lacks of a residual

2- Heat boiling of water, high energy, but Is very costly

Front 14

What 2 acids are formed when chlorine is added to water?

Back 14

Hypochlorus acid (HOCI)

Hypochlorite acid (OCI-)

Front 15

Hypochlorinator

Back 15

Chlorine pump, chemical feed pumps, or device used to disperse chlorine solutions made from hypochlorite, such as bleach (sodium hypochlorite) or calcium hypochlorite into the water being treated.

Front 16

Amperometric titration

Back 16

A means of measuring concentration of certain substance in water, such as strong oxidizer, based on the electric current that flows during a chemical reaction.

Front 17

Sodium thiosulphate

Back 17

Reagent added to a sample bottle to remove any chlorine residue in that bottle

Front 18

Organic compounds

Back 18

Defined as those compounds that contains a carbon atom

Front 19

Trihalomethanes

Back 19

Derivatives of methane, CH4, in which three halogen atoms(chlorine or bromine) are substituted for 3 of the hydrogen atoms. Often formed durning chlorination by reactions with natural organics materials in the water. The resulting compounds (THMs) are suspected of causing cancer.

Front 20

At what psi does a fusible plug melt?

Back 20

155-165 Psi and in between (70-74) c

Front 21

What is the maximum draw from a 150 lb chlorine cylinder?

Back 21

40 lbs a day

Front 22

Maximum contaminant level (MCL) for TTHMs

Back 22

0.080 Mg/L

Front 23

Define MCL?

Back 23

The largest allowable amount. MCLs for various water quality indicators are specified in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR)

Front 24

Chlorine leak kits come in there classes?? What are they??

Back 24

Class A- cylinder

Class B- 1 ton container

Class C- box car

Front 25

What chemical can be used to determine a chlorine leak?

Back 25

At least a 10% Ammonia solution, (never put water on a chlorine leak. A mix of water & chlorine will increase the rate of corrosion of the container & make the leak larger & form acid)

Front 26

Conductivity

Back 26

A measure of the ability of a solution (water) to carry an electric current

Front 27

What is the best PH range for coagulation?

Back 27

5-7 Ph

Front 28

What is a Jar Test?

Back 28

A laboratory procedure that stimulates coagulation flocculation and sedimentation with different chemical doses the purpose of the procedure is too estimate the minimum coagulant dose required to achieve certain water goals. Samples of water to be treated are placed in 6 jars various amounts of chemicals are added to each jar stirred and the settling of solids is observed the lowest dose of chemicals that provides satisfactory settling is the dose used to treat the water

Front 29

Treatment Process

Back 29

1- RAW WATER- Depending on water source, lakes, canals, or ground water

2- SCREEN PROCESS This process the water passes through a series of screens to remove most of the organic, & inorganic materials

3- PRE CHLORINATION OR POLYMERS- this stage either chlorine is added, (note; Pre Chlorination at this point could lead to TTHMS) Polymers are added to aid the in binding small suspended particles to larger chemical flocs for their removal from water. (Note; water naturaly has a negative charge, and polymers hold a positive charge, the two are drawn together and form and large particle)

4- COAGULATION- This is the process when the polymers, and coagulant chemicals are added to the water to form larger particals.

5- FLOCCULATION- The gathering of fine particles in basins to form larger particals, these basins have a gentle stirring to avoid the separation of the large particles.

6- SEDIMENTATION- This process is when the water along with suspended particles enter a basin where the Floc particles settle down to the bottom of the tank and the finished water exits the basin tank from the top by over filling.

7- FILTRATION- Water now passes through a series of media filter to trap and filter any left over particles and turbidity left in the water, (Note;Gravity filter- Coal, Sand, Garnet, Gravel, Under drain)

8- POST CHLORINATION- Chlorine is fed in to the water for disinfection.

9- WATER MOVES TO CLEAR WELL- Normally a larger water tank.

10- FINISHED WATER- Moves in to the distribution system

Front 30

Raw Water

Back 30

Water entering the first treatment process of a water treatment plant

Front 31

Pre chlorination

Back 31

For drinking water used mainly for disinfection control of taste odors and aquatic growth and to aid in coagulation and settling

Front 32

Polymers

Back 32

A long chain molecule formed by the union of many monomers molecules of a lower molecular weight polymers are used with other chemical coagulants to aid in binding small suspended particles 2 large chemical flocs for their removal from water.

Front 33

Coagulation

Back 33

The clumping together of very fine particles into large particles caused by the use of chemicals coagulants the chemicals neutralize the electrical charge of the fine particles allowing them to come closer and form large clumps

Front 34

Flocculation

Back 34

A gathering together of fine particles after coagulation to form large particles by a process of gentle mixing this is a mechanical process

Front 35

Sedimentation

Back 35

An operation in which the water being treated flows slowly through a large tank of basins during this time the heavier floc particles gradually settle out of the water being treated this can remove 90% of all bacteria and turbidity

Front 36

Filteration

Back 36

A process which takes place after Sedimentation, water passes through media sand filters to remove any other harmful bacteria or viruses

Front 37

What are the 4 zones of a sedimentation basin?

Back 37

1- the inlet

2- the outlet

3- the settling zone

4- the sludge zone

Front 38

What are the media sands in a filter?

Back 38

1- Mono media

2- Dual media

3- A mixed media

Front 39

What are some cuases of shorten filter runs?

Back 39

1- Filter aid overdosing

2- Excessive filtration rates

3- Excessive mud ball formation

4- Clogged under drain system

Front 40

List 3 things that affect the need to backwash?

Back 40

1- Turbidity

2- Headloss

3- Time

Front 41

Breakthrough

Back 41

Of crack or break and a filter bed allowing the passage of clock or particulate matter through a filter this will cause an increase in filter effluent turbidity. A breakthrough can occur when a filter is first place in service when the effluent valve suddenly opens or closes and during periods of excessive head loss including when the filter is exposed to negative heads

Front 42

Mudballs

Back 42

Material approximately round in shape that forms and filters and gradually increases in size when not removed by the back washing process mud balls vary from pea-sized up to golf ball size or larger

Front 43

Greensand

Back 43

A mineral glauconite material that looks like ordinary filter sand except that it is green in color greensand is a natural ion-exchange material that is capable of softening water green sand that has been treated with potassium permanganate called manganese greensand this product is used to remove iron manganese and hydrogen sulfide from groundwater

Front 44

What are the 4 types of filters that are allowed by the SWTR?

Back 44

1- Gravity

2- Filtration

3- Pressure

4- Slow sand

Front 45

What is the MC/L for Trihalomethanes?

Back 45

The MC/L for total Trihalomethanes was lowered to 0.080 mg/L; the new limit takes effect in December 2001 for public water systems serving more than 10000 people, and in December 2003 for systems serving fewer than 10000 people.

Front 46

What are the chlorine acidity percentage rates for all 3 forms of Chlorine?

Back 46

Gas 99.9%

Powder 65-70 %

Liquid 12.5 %

Front 47

What is the PH Scale?

Back 47

0-14, 7 being nuteral Chlorine disinfects water much faster at a PH around 7.0

Front 48

Does temperature conditions influence disinfection?

Back 48

Yes, water near 70-85 f° is easier to disinfect than water at 40-60f°

Front 49

Chemical Means of Disinfections

Back 49

IODINE- Has been used as a disinfectant in water since 1920, but its use for emergency treatment had limited use for water, and does not leave a Residual

BROMINE- Has been used only on a very limited scale for water treatment because of its handling difficulties. Bromine causes skin burns on contract. Residual is hard to obtain.

BASES- Such as sodium hydroxide and lime can be effective disinfectants but the high pH leaves a bitter taste in the finished water. Bases sterilize rather than disinfect, killing all microorganisms, handling is also difficult cuasing skin burn when left to long on contact

OZONE- Has a high cost, lacks a residual, difficulty in storing, and maintenance requirements. Scientists claim that ozone destroys all microorganisms, but does not guarantee that water is safe to drink.

Front 50

Chloramines

Back 50

Compounds formed by the reaction of hypochlorus acid (or aqueous chlorine) with ammonia.

1. Reducing the formation of Trihalomethanes and other disinfection by-products.

2. Maintain a detectable residual throughout the distribution system.

3. Penetrating the biofilm (the layer of microorganisms on pipelines walls) and reducing the potential for coliform regrowth.

4. Killing or inactivating HETEROTROPIC plate count bacteria

5. Reducing taste and odor problems.

Front 51

Turbidity

Back 51

The cloudy appearance of water cuased by the presence of suspended and colloidal matter. In the waterworks field, a turbidity measurement is used to indicate the clarity of water. Technically, turbidity is an optical property of the water based on the amount of light reflected by suspended particles. Turbidity cannot be directed equated to suspendend solids becuase white particles reflect more light than dark-colored particles and many small particles will reflect more light than an equivalent large particle.

Front 52

Nitrification

Back 52

An aerobic process in which bacteria change the ammonia and organic nitrogen in water or wastewater into oxidized nitrogen usually nitrate

Front 53

DPD

Back 53

A method of measuring the chlorine residual in water. The residual may be determined by either titrating or comparing a developed color with color standard. DPD STANDS for N, N-diethyl-p-phenylene-diamine.

Front 54

PH Scale

Back 54

0-14 7 being nuteral

Front 55

Grab sample

Back 55

A single sample of water collected at a particular time and place which represents the composition of the water only at that time and place.

Front 56

Mudballs

Back 56

Material that is approximately round in shape and varies from pea size to baseball sized. This material forms in filter and gradually increases in size when not removed by backwashing process.

Front 57

Disinfection by-products DBP

Back 57

A contaminant formed by the reaction of disinfections chemicals such as chlorine with other substances in the water being disinfected.

Front 58

Alkalinity

Back 58

The capacity of water to neutralize acids. This capacity is caused by the waters content of carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, and occasionally borate, silicate, and phosphate. Alkalinity is expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate. Alkalinity is not the same as pH becuase water does not have to be strongly basic high ph to have a high alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure of how much acid must be added to a liquid to lower the ph to 4.5.

Front 59

Riparian

Back 59

Water rights which are acquired together with title to the land bordering a source of surface water. The rights to put to beneficial use surface water adjacent to your land.

Front 60

Algal blooms

Back 60

Sudden massive growths of microscopic and macroscope plant life, such as green or blue green algae which can under the proper conditions develop in lakes and reservoirs