The Urinary System

Front 1

Urinary System

(EXCRETION SYSTEMS)

Back 1

Urine

Front 2

Respiratory System

(EXCRETION SYSTEMS)

Back 2

Carbon Dioxide

Front 3

Digestive System

(EXCRETION SYSTEMS)

Back 3

Feces

Front 4

Integumentary System

(EXCRETION SYSTEMS)

Back 4

Sweat

Front 5

Urinary System Functions

Back 5

-Excretion of metabolic wastes
-Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
-Regulation of blood pH
-Regulation of blood pressure by the enzyme Renin
-Production of Erythropoietin hormone that stimulate RBC formation
-Activation of vitamin D to Calcitriol that stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium

Front 6

What do the kidneys produce?

Back 6

Urine

Front 7

Where does the ureter transport urine?

Back 7

Towards the urinary bladder

Front 8

What does the urinary bladder temporarily store?

Back 8

Stores urine prior to elimination

Front 9

What does the urethra do?

Back 9

Conducts urine to exterior; in males, transports semen as well

Front 10

Renal Capsule

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 10

Covers kidney

Front 11

Renal Cortex

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 11

The outer region

Front 12

Renal Medulla

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 12

The inner region with RENAL PYRAMIDS

Front 13

Renal Papilla

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 13

The apex or tip of renal pyramid

Front 14

Renal Columns

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 14

Cortical tissue between renal pyramids

Front 15

Minor Calyx

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 15

Receives urine from renal papilla

Front 16

Major Calyx

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 16

Collects urine from two or more minor calyces

Front 17

Renal Pelvis

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 17

Collects urine from all major calyces

Front 18

Ureter

(KIDNEY ANATOMY)

Back 18

Carries urine from renal pelvis to bladder

Front 19

Describe how blood flows through the kidneys.

Back 19

-Renal Artery
-Segmental Arteries
-Interiobar Arteries
-Arcuate Arteries
-Cortical Radiate Artieries
-Afferent Arterioles

-Glomerulus-

-Efferent Arteriole-

-Peritubular Capillaries-

-Venules
-Cortical Radiate Veins
-Arcuate Veins
-Interiobar Veins
-Renal Vein

Front 20

Nephron

Back 20

Microscopic filtering of the kidneys that consist of renal tubules and a renal corpuscle

Front 21

Each nephron filters the blood to make what?

Back 21

Urine

Front 22

About how many nephrons are in each kidney?

Back 22

1 million

Front 23

Where are 85% of nephrons located? What are they called?

Back 23

Renal Cortex; Cortical Nephrons

Front 24

Where are 15% of nephrons located? What are they called?

Back 24

Renal Pyramids; Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Front 25

Glomerulus

(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Corpuscle

Back 25

Loops of capillaries

Front 26

Bowman's Capsule

(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Corpuscle

Back 26

Double Layered, surrounds glomerulus

Front 27

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules

Back 27

Connects to bowman's capsule

Front 28

Loop of Henle

(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules - Renal Tubules

Back 28

w/descending and ascending limbs

Front 29

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules - Renal Tubules

Back 29

Last part of nephron

Front 30

Collecting Duct (CD)

(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules - Renal Tubules

Back 30

Connects to several distal convoluted tubules

Front 31

Filtration

(URINE FORMATION)

Back 31

From the glomerulus capillaries blood into bowman's capsule

Front 32

Tubular Reabsorption

(URINE FORMATION)

Back 32

From renal tubules to blood

Front 33

Tubular Secretion

(URINE FORMATION)

Back 33

From blood into the renal tubules

Front 34

Excretion

(URINE FORMATION)

Back 34

of the final product (urine)

Front 35

A high glomerular capillary blood pressure of about 55 mmHg forces water and solutes through what membrane?

Back 35

Filtration Membrane

Front 36

How is the filtration membrane formed?

Back 36

By the glomerular capillary wall and the inner layer of the bowman's capsule

Front 37

When water and dissolved solutes pass from glomerulus capillaries blood into the bowman's capsule, the resulting fluid in capsular space is called what?

Back 37

Filtrate

Front 38

What are some 'wastes' that filtrate contains?

Back 38

-Urea
-Uric Acid (that must be eliminated in the urine)

Front 39

What are some 'useful substances' that filtrate contains?

Back 39

-Water
-Organic Nutrients
-Electrolytes (that must be kept)

Front 40

Renal Blood Flow (RBF)

Back 40

Amount of blood flow through kidneys in one minute

Front 41

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Back 41

Amount of filtrate formed in one minute

*Between 105 and 125 mL/minute*

Front 42

About 10% of renal blood flow becomes a what?

Back 42

Filtrate

Front 43

Regulation of GFR

Back 43

is by controlling glomerular blood flow

Front 44

What increases GFR?

Back 44

Dilation of afferent arteriole or contriction of efferent arteriole

Front 45

What decreases GFR?

Back 45

Constriction of afferent arteriole or dilation of efferent arteriole

Front 46

Autoregulation

(REGULATION OF GFR)

Back 46

Regulation of GFR by the kidneys themselves

Front 47

Neural Regulation

(REGULATION OF GFR)

Back 47

Autonomic nervous system affects GFR

Front 48

Hormonal Regulation

(REGULATION OF GFR)

Back 48

Hormones indirectly affect GFR

Front 49

Most urine filtrate moves from ________ back into the ________?

(TUBULAR REABSORPTION)

Back 49

Nephron Tubules; Blood

Front 50

Where is most reabsorption?

(TUBULAR REABSORPTION)

Back 50

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Front 51

Water is reabsorbed by what?

(TUBULAR REABSORPTION)

Back 51

Osmosis

Front 52

Solute is reabsorbed by what?

(TUBULAR REABSORPTION)

Back 52

-Diffusion
-Active Transport
-Co-Transport
-Pinocytosis

Front 53

Each day, between 150 - 180 L of ___________.

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 53

Filtrate

Front 54

Each day, 1 - 2 L of ______.

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 54

Urine

Front 55

Each day, about 148 - 178 L __________.

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 55

Reabsorbed

Front 56

Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 65%

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 56

In proximal convoluted tubules

Front 57

Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 15%

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 57

In descending limbs of Henle

Front 58

Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - None

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 58

In ascending limb of Henle

Front 59

Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 10%

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 59

In distal convoluted tubules

Front 60

Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 10%

(The last 10%)

(WATER REABSORPTION)

Back 60

The collecting ducts

Front 61

Some solutes move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the ________.

Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 15%

(TUBULAR SECRETION)

Back 61

Filtrate

Front 62

Which substances are secreted into filtrate?

(TUBULAR SECRETION)

Back 62

-Potassium
-Ammonium
-Hydrogen
-Bicarbonate ions

Front 63

Tubular secretion helps regulate _________ and _______________.

(TUBULAR SECRETION)

Back 63

Acid-Base Balance; Electrolyte Concentrations

Front 64

95% of urine is _____.

(URINE COMPOSITION)

Back 64

Water

Front 65

5% of urine is ____________.

(URINE COMPOSITION)

Back 65

Dissolved Solids

Front 66

Urea

(URINE COMPOSITION)

Back 66

Proteins metabolism

Front 67

Creatinine

(URINE COMPOSITION)

Back 67

Muscles metabolism

Front 68

Uric Acid

(URINE COMPOSITION)

Back 68

Nucleic acids metabolism

Front 69

What are some substances contained in urine composition?

(URINE COMPOSITION)

Back 69

-Electrolytes
-Urea
-Creatinine
-Uric Acid

Front 70

When body water decreases, it triggers __________ to release __________ from the posterior pituitary.

(URINE CONCENTRATION)

Back 70

Hypothalamus; Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 71

ADH makes the cells of the ____ and ____ more permeable to water reabsorption back into the blood.

(URINE CONCENTRATION)

Back 71

DCT; CD

Front 72

Small volume of __________, concentrated urine is produced.

(URINE CONCENTRATION)

Back 72

Dark yellow

Front 73

With optimum body water, the __________ stops secreting ______________.

(URINE DILATION)

Back 73

Hypothalamus; Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 74

____ and ____ become LESS permeable to water and LESS water is reabsorbed.

(URINE DILATION)

Back 74

DCT; CD

Front 75

More water stays in the ______ resulting in a large volume of ______, dilute urine.

(URINE DILATION)

Back 75

Filtrate; Light yellow

Front 76

What is the minimum urine volume that must be excreted to get rid of metabolic waste and excess ions?

(OBLIGATORY URINE VOLUME)

Back 76

0.5 Liters/ Day

Front 77

What is the maxium concentration ability of the kidneys?

(OBLIGATORY URINE VOLUME)

Back 77

1200 - 1400 mOsm/ Liter

Front 78

The Body

(THE URINARY BLADDER)

Back 78

Covered by a sheet of smooth muscles called DETRUSOR MUSCLE

Front 79

The Trigone

(THE URINARY BLADDER)

Back 79

The two ureters enter the bladder at the uppermost angles of trigone which open into the neck

Front 80

The Neck

The Detrusor muscle fibers form _____________ in the neck.

(THE URINARY BLADDER)

Back 80

Internal Urethral Sphincter

Front 81

The Neck

In the ___________ skeletal muscle fibers form the ____________________ that is under conscious control.

(THE URINARY BLADDER)

Back 81

Urogenital Diaphram; External Urethral Sphincter

Front 82

Micturition

(THE MICTURITION REFLEX)

Back 82

The act of emptying the urinary bladder

Front 83

Signals from sensory stretch receptors in urinary bladder --->

(THE MICTURITION REFLEX)

Back 83

SNS Pelvic Nerve -> Spinal Cord -> PNS Fibers -> Urinary Bladder Wall -> Detrusor Muscle Contraction

Front 84

Facilitation or Inhibition by the _______________.

(THE MICTURITION REFLEX)

Back 84

Pudenal Nerve Conscious Control

Front 85

Self

(THE MICTURITION REFLEX)

Back 85

Regenerative