The Urinary System

Front 1

where are the kidneys located?

Back 1

under 11th rib, just above waistline

Front 2

the kidneys are:

Back 2

retroperitoneal

Front 3

the right kidney:

Back 3

is usually a little lower than the left

Front 4

the kidneys:

Back 4

have a fat covering

Front 5

filtration:

Back 5

high to low pressure

Front 6

11th and 12th ribs:

Back 6

floating ribs

Front 7

what is the purpose of the 11th and 12th ribs?

Back 7

to protect the kidneys

Front 8

what is the cortex?

Back 8

the outer layer of the kidney

Front 9

what is the medulla?

Back 9

the inner portion of the kidney

Front 10

what are the pyramids?

Back 10

the triangular divisions (nephrons) of the medulla

Front 11

what are papilla?

Back 11

narrow, innermost end of pyramid

Front 12

what is the pelvis?

Back 12

expansion of upper end of ureter

Front 13

what are the calyces?

Back 13

divisions of the renal pelvis

Front 14

what are nephrons?

Back 14

microscopic units of the kidney consisting of renal corpuscles and renal tubules

Front 15

what are tubules?

Back 15

functional components

Front 16

what is the renal corpuscle?

Back 16

bowman's capsule with its glomerulus

Front 17

the renal corpuscle:

Back 17

looks like a cup

Front 18

proximal convoluted tubule: (renal tubule)

Back 18

extension of ascending limb of the loop of Henle that is convoluted

Front 19

loop of Henle(renal tubule):

Back 19

straight, descending limb with a hairpin turn and a straight ascending limb

Front 20

distal convoluted tube (renal tubule):

Back 20

the part of the renal tubule distal to the loop of Henle

Front 21

collecting tubule (renal tubule):

Back 21

straight extension of the renal tubule

Front 22

function of the kidneys:

Back 22

filter blood

Front 23

function of the kidneys:

Back 23

excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes

Front 24

function of the kidneys:

Back 24

regulate levels of many chemicals in blood

Front 25

function of the kidneys:

Back 25

maintain water balance

Front 26

function of the kidneys:

Back 26

help regulate blood pressure via secretion of renin and angiotensin

Front 27

function of the kidneys:

Back 27

maintain homeostasis

Front 28

function of the kidneys:

Back 28

secretes erythropoietin for RBC production

Front 29

diabetes insipidus:

Back 29

lack of ADH (water driven)

Front 30

diabetes mellitus:

Back 30

sugar driven

Front 31

major function of kidney:

Back 31

formation of urine

Front 32

formation of urine:

Back 32

occurs by a series of three processes that take place in successive parts of nephron

Front 33

filtration:

Back 33

180 L daily

Front 34

secretion

Back 34

ATP

Front 35

reabsorption

Back 35

movement out of renal tubules to blood in pertubular capillaries

Front 36

formation of urine:

Back 36

filtration, secretion, reabsorption

Front 37

ADH:

Back 37

water-retaining hormone

Front 38

ADH:

Back 38

produced in the hypothalamus

Front 39

ADH:

Back 39

distributed from the posterior pituitary

Front 40

ADH:

Back 40

decreases urine volume/concentrates urine

Front 41

no ADH =

Back 41

no reabsorption

Front 42

aldosterone (via salt reabsorption):

Back 42

salt and water-retaining hormone

Front 43

salt reabsorption:

Back 43

affects water output

Front 44

ANH:

Back 44

salt and water releasing hormone

Front 45

aldosterone:

Back 45

works via salt reabsorption, which affects water output

Front 46

ureters:

Back 46

narrow tubes

Front 47

ureters:

Back 47

6 mm wide, 25-30 cm long

Front 48

ureters:

Back 48

upper end terminates in the renal pelvis inside kidney

Front 49

ureters:

Back 49

lined with mucous membrane

Front 50

ureters:

Back 50

muscular wall

Front 51

mucous membrane:

Back 51

contain nerve cells

Front 52

muscular wall:

Back 52

peristalic action aids urine movement

Front 53

what is the function of the ureters?

Back 53

drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

Front 54

ureters:

Back 54

collecting tubules-renal pelvis-ureters-bladder

Front 55

urinary bladder:

Back 55

elastic, muscular organ capable of great expansion

Front 56

urinary bladder:

Back 56

mucous membrane lining

Front 57

urinary bladder:

Back 57

rugae

Front 58

urinary bladder:

Back 58

trigone

Front 59

rugae:

Back 59

folds

Front 60

trigone:

Back 60

flat areas

Front 61

function of the urinary bladder:

Back 61

storage of urine before voiding (approx. 350 ml, then emptying reflex)

Front 62

function of the urinary bladder:

Back 62

voiding

Front 63

urethra:

Back 63

narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior

Front 64

urethra:

Back 64

mucous membrane lining

Front 65

urethra:

Back 65

urinary meatus (opening to the exterior)

Front 66

mucous membrane lining:

Back 66

continual sheet from renal cortex to meatus (can allow infection from meatus to spread to kidney)

Front 67

urethra:

Back 67

8" in males

Front 68

urethra:

Back 68

1 1/2" females

Front 69

urethra:

Back 69

passage of urine from bladder to exterior of the body

Front 70

urethra:

Back 70

passage of male reproductive fluid (semen) from the body

Front 71

micturition:

Back 71

passage of urine from the body

Front 72

micturition:

Back 72

350 ml for emptying reflex

Front 73

regulatory sphincters (micturition):

Back 73

internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)

Front 74

regulatory sphincters (micturition):

Back 74

external urethral sphincter (voluntary)

Front 75

micturition:

Back 75

voiding, urination

Front 76

toilet training:

Back 76

2 to 3 years (hereditary, psychosocial)

Front 77

emptying reflex (micturition):

Back 77

initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall

Front 78

emptying reflex (micturition):

Back 78

bladder wall contracts

Front 79

emptying reflex (micturition):

Back 79

internal sphincter relaxes

Front 80

emptying reflex (micturition):

Back 80

external sphincter relaxes and urination occurs

Front 81

no relaxation =

Back 81

no urination

Front 82

urinary retention (micturition):

Back 82

urine produced but not voided

Front 83

urinary retention:

Back 83

predispose person to bladder infection

Front 84

urinary suppression (micturition):

Back 84

no urine produced but bladder is normal

Front 85

anurial:

Back 85

no urine

Front 86

oligurial:

Back 86

scant amount of urine

Front 87

incontinence (micturition):

Back 87

urine voided involuntarily

Front 88

incontinence (micturition):

Back 88

may be caused by spinal injury or stroke

Front 89

incontinence (micturition):

Back 89

retention of urine may cause cystitis

Front 90

cystitis:

Back 90

urinary tract infection

Front 91

what can cause incontinence:

Back 91

age, pregnancy, extreme youth

Front 92

cystitis (bladder infection, uti):

Back 92

amounts voided are small

Front 93

cystitis (bladder infection, uti):

Back 93

extreme urgency, frequency, and pain are common

Front 94

cystitis (bladder infection, uti):

Back 94

pain on urination

Front 95

overactive bladder (interstitial cystitis):

Back 95

no infectious organism detectable

Front 96

overactive bladder (interstitial cystitis):

Back 96

amounts voided are small

Front 97

overactive bladder (interstitial cystitis):

Back 97

extreme urgency and frequency

Front 98

pyridium:

Back 98

makes urine orange