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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Crust |
• A solid. • A layer of cool, thin rock. • Oceanic crust is 6 - 10 km thick and 1200°C at its deepest. Continental crust can be up to 65 km thick. |
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The Mantle |
• A solid that has certain properties similar to those of a liquid. • Composed of silicate rocks (rich in iron and magnesium). • 2900 km thick. 500 °C closest to the crust and 5000 °C closest to the inner core. |
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The Outer Core |
• A liquid. • Composed of molten iron and nickel. • 2200 km thick. 3700 °C. |
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The Inner Core |
• A solid. • Composed of solid iron and nickel. • 2400 km thick. Up to 5500 °C. |
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Constructive plate boundary |
• Two oceanic plates moving apart. • An example is Iceland with the North American and Eurasian plates. |
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Destructive plate boundary |
• A continental and oceanic plate moving together. • "subduction" • An example is the Nazca and South American plates. |
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Conservative plate boundary |
• Two continental plates moving together from similar angles. • An example is the San Andreas Fault between the Pacific and North American plates. |
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The Andes Location |
• The Andes are on the west coast of South America. • The Andes are on a destructive plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates. |
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The Andes Mining |
• An example of a mine is the Yanachocha gold mine in Peru. • The Andes is rich in minerals such as gold and tin. |
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The Andes Farming and Tourism |
• Llamas can carry 25% of their body weight. • Machu Picchu is an ancient Incan city in Peru. • Maize tends to be planted higher up while coffee is planted lower down. |
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Ocean trenches |
• An example of an ocean trench is the Mariana Trench on a destructive plate boundary between the Pacific and Philippine plates. |
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Pyroclastic flows |
• Move at 500 kph. • Can reach 1000 °C. |
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Monitoring volcanoes Card 1 |
• Detecting bulges using tiltmeters and GPS satellites. • Monitoring seismic activity to deduce plate movements using seismometers. • Taking carbon dioxide readings. |
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Monitoring volcanoes Card 2 |
• Using remote-controlled robots to see inside the volcano. |
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Ash |
• Ash can fall up to 1000 miles away. |
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Preparing for a volcanic eruption Card 1 |
• Educate teachers who can educate students about what to do in an eruption and measures to put in place. • Educate community leaders who can spread advice about what to do in an eruption and measures to put in place. |
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Preparing for a volcanic eruption Card 2 |
• Install early warning systems. • Agree that the media will warn people about volcanoes and show emergency announcements as a backup to the early warning systems above all else. • Repeat preparations to inform new people. |
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Montserrat volcanic eruption Card 1 |
• Montserrat is located in the Caribbean. • The eruption occurred in 1995 and was a result of the Caribbean plate subducting beneath the North American plate. • Unemployment rose 43%. |
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Montserrat volcanic eruption Card 2 |
• By the end of 1997, the population had dropped from 11,000 to 3500. • By 2005, the population had risen to over 8000. • The name of the volcano that erupted is Soufrière Hills. |
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Kobe earthquake Card 1 |
• Kobe is located on the Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. • The earthquake occurred in 1995 and measured 7.2 on the Richter scale. • 6400 people died and 300,000 people were made homeless. |
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Kobe earthquake Card 2 |
• Around £82 billion of buildings and basic infrastructure was destroyed. • There were over 700 aftershocks. • 1 million people had no water for 10 days. • 2 million people had no electricity. |
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Kobe earthquake Card 3 |
• 1.2 million volunteers helped in the first three months. • 134,000 homes had been constructed by January 1999 but some people were still living in refugee camps. |
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Port au Prince earthquake Card 1 |
• Port au Prince is located in Haiti in the Caribbean. • The earthquake occurred in 2010 and measured 7 on the Richter scale. • 250,000 people died (including secondary deaths) and 1 million were made homeless. |
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Port au Prince earthquake Card 2 |
• There were 52 aftershocks, some as strong as magnitude 5. • Over 50 hospitals were damaged. • 20% of people lost their jobs. |
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Port au Prince earthquake Card 3 |
• 4.3 million people were given food rations. • 1.5 million people were still in temporary shelters one year later. |
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Japanese tsunami of 2011 Card 1 |
• The earthquake that caused the tsunami measured 9 on the Richter scale. • The earthquake was caused by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate. • The epicentre was in the Indian Ocean. |
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Japanese tsunami of 2011 Card 2 |
• 20,000 people died. • There was a risk of nuclear meltdown in Fukashima after the tsunami. • 500 square km of coastal plains were covered with water. |
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Japanese tsunami of 2011 Card 3 |
• The city port of Sendai was almost completely destroyed. • Water was cut off for 1 million homes. • 100,000 Japanese soldiers performed search and rescue missions and distributed aid. |
