The Respiratory System

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The Respiratory System

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FUNCTION:EXCHANGE GASES BETWEEN ATMOSPHERE AND BLOOD

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REQUIREMENTS FOR PRIMARY RESPIRATORY ORGAN:

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1.SEMIPERMEABILITY
2.GREAT SURFACE AREA
3.GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY
4.VENTILATION

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FIVE PHASES OF RESPIRATION:

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EXCHANGE O2 for CO2
1. VENTILATION ATMOSPHERE- ALVEOLI
2. EXT. RESP. ALVEOLI- BLOOD
3. CIRCULATION LUNGS - TISSUES
4. INT. RESP. BLOOD- CELLS
5. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + 602 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O (ATP)

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WHAT IS THE ROLE OF OXYGEN?

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TO ACCEPT HYDROGEN AS GLUCOSE IS DEGRADED TO CARBON DIOXIDE

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FUNCTIONALLY THERE IS A?

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RESPIRATORY ZONE AND A CONDUCTING ZONE.

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FUNCTION OF MOST PARTS OF THE SYSTEM IS SIMPLY TO SERVE AS

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PASSAGEWAYS WHICH FILTER, WARM AND MOISTEN AIR.

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NOSE:

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NOSE:GUARDED BY HAIRS INCREASED SURFACE AREA BY THREE PAIRS OF CONCHAE.LINING HERE AND ON INTO LUNGS (EXCEPT FOR OROPHARYNX & LARYNGOPHARYNX) IS CILIATED MUCOUS MEMBRANE.

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SINUSES OPEN INTO

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NASAL CAVITY. THEY REDUCE WEIGHT OF SKULL AND GIVE RESONANCE TO VOICE

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THREE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PHARYNX ARE:

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NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX, LARYNGOPHARYX

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LARYNX IS

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VOICE BOX

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LARYNX IS VOICE BOX.FOUR IMPORTANT CARTILAGES ARE -

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THYROID - ADAM'S APPLE
EPIGLOTTIS - COVERS OPENING INTO LARYNX
CRICOID - SIGNET RING BASE
ARYTENOID – CONTROLS VOCAL FOLDS

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Vocal Ligaments

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Attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
True vocal cords
False vocal cords

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TRACHEA

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1 X 5 INCHES
ABOUT 20 C-SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES PREVENT COLLAPSE.

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THE TRACHEAS CARTILAGE RING OPENS

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ON BACK, NEXT TO ESOPHAGUS

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GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS IS VIA

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SIMPLE DIFFUSION ACROSS THE RESPIRATORY
MEMBRANE.

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RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE IS TWO LAYERS OF

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.

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Respiratory Zone

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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR DUCT, ALVEOLI, ALVEOLAR SAC, ATRIUM, ALVEOLAR PORES

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SURFACE TENSION WITHIN INTRAPLEURAL CAVITY AND PARTIAL VACUUM TEND TO

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HOLD P.P. AND V.P. TOGETHER.

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SURFACE TENSION WITHIN ALVEOLI AND ELASTICITY TEND TO

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CAUSE COLLAPSE OF LUNGS.

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COLLAPSE IS PREVENTED BY FACTORS

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HOLDING V.P. TO P.P. AND BY SURFACTANT

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TO UNDERSTAND BREATHING

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UNDERSTAND BOYLE'S LAW.BOYLE'S LAW -- THERE IS AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND PRESSURE.

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ONLY PARIETAL PLEURA IS MOVED DIRECTLY

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BY RESPIRATORY MUSCLES

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DURING INSPIRATION V.P. FOLLOWS P.P.

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WHY?

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COMPLIANCE

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EASE WITH WHICH LUNGS CAN BE EXPANDED. Vol/Pressure= Compliance

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RESPIRATORY AIR VOLUMES

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ONLY 350 CC OF T.A. REACH ALVEOLI. THIS IS CALLED ALVEOLAR VENTILATION. 150 CC IN PASSAGEWAYS CALLED DEAD AIR. NON-RESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS

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Respiratory Membrane

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SMOOTH MUSCLE, ALVEOLUS, CAPILLARIES, ELASTIC FIBERS

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RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE - 2 CELLS THICK

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ALVEOLAR WALL & CAPILLARY WALL

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GASES DIFFUSE ACROSS THIS MEMBRANE

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ACCORDING TO DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES -
EACH GAS IN A MIXTURE OF GASES DIFFUSES AS IF THERE WERE NO OTHER GASES. PARTIAL PRESSURE = TOTAL PRESSURE X %pO2
(ATM) = 760 mm Hg X 21% = 160 mm Hg
REMEMBER THAT EACH GAS MOVES DOWN ITS CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

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Partial Pressure Gradients

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SEE SLIDE 24

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ALMOST ALL O2 IS TRANSPORTED ATTACHED TO

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THE IRON OF HEMOGLOBIN.

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EACH GM OF HB. CAN CARRY

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19.5 ML OF O2.

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NOTICE EFFECT OF

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ANEMIA

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CO POISONS BY

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TYING UP THE HEMOGLOBIN.

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CO2 IS CARRIED BY AMINO GROUPS

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OF HEMOGLOBIN. BUT MORE IS CARRIED IN THE FORM OF THE BICARBONATE ION (HCO3-)
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-

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REVIEW OXIDATION

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C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6 H2O
HENRY'S LAW - WHEN A LIQUID IS EXPOSED TO A MIXED GAS, THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF EACH GAS AT EQUILIBRIUM IS THE SAME IN THE LIQUID AS IN THE GAS.

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THERE IS A 20:1 RATIO OF

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HCO3- TO CO2 IN BLOOD.

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pH OF ARTERIAL BLOOD -

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7.45.

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pH OF VENOUS BLOOD

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7.35

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O2 & CO2 DO NOT HAVE EXACT INVERSE RELATIONSHIPS BECAUSE --

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SOME CO2 LOST VIA KIDNEYS. FATS REQUIRE MORE O2. HAVE DIFFERENT SOLUBILITIES

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COPD AFFECTS

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PO2 MORE THAN DOES ANEMIA.

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PULMONARY ARTERIES

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CARRY VENOUS BLOOD.

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PULMONARY VEINS

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CARRY ARTERIAL BLOOD

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Pathogenesis of COPD

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SEE SLIDE 28

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CONTROL OF BREATHING

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MEDULLA AND PONS CONTROL INVOLUNTARY BREATHING.
VERY CONFUSING - BUT SIMPLIFIED ───> MEDULLA HAS INSPIRATORY (DRG) AND EXPIRATORY (VRG)CENTERS.
PONS HAS APNEUSTIC AND PNEUMOTAXIC

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HERING-BREUR REFLEX

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CONTROLS DEPTH AND RHYTHM OF BREATHING.

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APNEUSTIC AND PNEUMOTAXIC CENTERS MODIFY

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RHYTHM OF H-B

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CO2, H+, AND O2

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IN CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES AND IN RESPIRATORY CENTERS ARE
STIMULI FOR CONTROL OF BREATHING

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APNEA, EUPNEA, DYSPNEA, CHENE-STOKES.
BRIEF MENTION OF BREATHING DISORDERS-.

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BRONCHIAL ASTHMA - HYPERSENSITIVITY.
EMPHYSEMA - LOSS OF ELASTICITY & SURFACE AREA. (HIGH CORRELATION WITH SMOKING)
LUNG CANCER - PRIMARY OR SECONDARY.(OVER 90% OF PRIMARY PATIENTS WERE SMOKERS)
INFLUENZA - VIRAL.
PNEUMONIA - INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN WHICH LUNGS FILL WITH FLUID.
TUBERCULOSIS - BACTERIAL DISEASE WHICH DESTROYS LUNG TISSUE.