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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the fxns of the respiratory system?
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Gas exachange, regulation of blood ph, voice production, olfaction, and protection
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What type of capillaries facillitate in external respiration (02 loading and CO2 unloading)?
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Pulmonary capillaries
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What type of capillaries facillitate in internal respiration (O2 unloading and CO2 loading)?
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Systemic capillaries
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What 3 bones make up the bridge of the nose?
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nasal, frontal, and maxillary bones
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What are the names for the nasal external openings?
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Nares
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What is the part of the nasal cavity that are openings into the pharynx?
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Choanae
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What is the anterior part of the nasal cavity just inside of each naris?
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Vestibule
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What are the hairs that filter particles from inspired air?
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Vibrissae
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What is the fxn of the paranasal sinuses?
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To warm and moisten inhaled air and lighten skull
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What forms the floor of the nasal cavity and the roof of the oral cavity?
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Hard palate
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What are the mucosal covered projections from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
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Conchae
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What is the fxn of the conchae?
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To increase air turbulance and increase mucosal surface area allowing inhaled debris to be trapped on mucus.
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What region of the pharynx is for air passage only?
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Nasopharynx
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What is the flap-like extension of the soft palate that prevents food ebtry into the nasal cavity?
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Uvula
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What region of the pharynx is the uvula located?
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Nasopharynx
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What region of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located?
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Nasopharynx
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Which pharynx region(s)are a passageway for food and air?
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Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
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Where are the lingual and palentine tonsils located?
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Oropharynx
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Which pharynx region is posterior to the epiglottis?
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Laryngopharynx
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What type of cartilage is the larynx made up of?
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Hyaline
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What type of cartilage is the epigolottis made up of?
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Elastic cartilage
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What are the 3 unpaired cartilage regions of the larynx?
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Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottic
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What structure precents swallowed substances from entering the trachea?
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Epigottis
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What is makes up the base of the larynx?
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Cricoid
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What is also known as the Adam's Apple and the size is due to the amount of testosterone?
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Thyroid Cartilage
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What are the 3 paired regions of the larynx?
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Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate
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What anchors the vocal cords?
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Arytenoid
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The primary bronchi are formed at which vertebrae?
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T 7
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The primary bronchi dividein to these bronchi and how many are there on each side?
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Socondary/lobar; 2 on left; 3 on right
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The secondary bronchi divide into what bronchi?
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Tertiary/segmental bronchi
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After the tertiary/segmental bronchi divide what are the divisions called?
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bronchioles
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What are the smallest air passages in the conducting zone?
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Terminal bronchioles
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The Respiratory Zone is defined by what?
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The presence of alveoli
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What are the 1st division of the respiratory zone?
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Respiratory bronchioles
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The respiratory bronchioles branch from what?
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Terminal bronchioles
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The respiratory bronchioles lead to the what?
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Alveolar ducts
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What are the terminal clusters that alveolar ducts end in?
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Alveolar sacs
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What is the purpose for alveolar sacs?
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Increases surface area for gas exchange
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Alveolar walls are formed of what 2 cell types?
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Type I and II pneumocytes
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What cells make up 90% of the alveolar surface of the alveolar walls?
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Type I pneumocytes
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What do Type II pneumocytes produce that help reduce surface tension in the alveoli?
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Pulmonary surfactant
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How many lobes of the lung are on the right? on left?
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3 and 2
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What is the smallest subdivision of a lung visible to the naked eye?
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Lung lobule
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What provides lubrication for breathing movements?
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Pleural fluid
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What type of membrane holds lungs in their own pleural cavity?
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Serous cavity
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What muscles are contracted during the process of inspiration causing the ribs to rise and move laterally?
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External intercostals
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What happens to your diaphragm as pulmonary volume increases?
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It moves inferiorly
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What is a passive process that depends on natural elasticity of lungs?
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Expiration
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Forced expiration involves contraction of what muscles?
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Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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The basic rhythm of breathing is established in which areas?
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Medulla oblongata and pons
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Where are the Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Groups located?
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Medulla oblongata
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Which medullary center near the root of cranial nerve IX - glossopharyngeal?
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Dorsal Respiratory Group
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Which center sends APs to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve and to the external intercostals via intercosal nerves?
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Dorsal Respiratory Group
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Does the Dorsal Respiratory Group cause you to inhale or exhale?
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Inhale
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What part of the medullary center extends from the psonal cord to the pons-medulla jxn?
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Ventral Respiratory Group
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What area is inactive during Eupnea?
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Ventral Respiratory Group
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When the VRG is activated which muscles are activated and via which nerves?
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Internal intercostals via intercostal nerves and abdominal muscles via abdominal nerves
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What is responsible for "fine tuning" action of the medullary center and "smooths out" transition from inhalation to exhalation?
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Pontile Centers
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What are the 2 types of the Pontile centers?
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Pneumotaxic center and apneusic center
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Which division of the pontile center limits the amount of time you are actually inhaling by sending inhibitory APs to the DRG, shutting off inspiratory neurons?
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Pneumotaxic center
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What pontile center is signaled to fire APs when lungs have reached its optimal filling capacity?
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Pneumotaxic Center
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Which pontile center is inactive during Eupnea?
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Apneustic Center
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Which pontile center gives a boost to inspiration when needed by shutting off the DRG?
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Apneustic Center
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Which medullary center involves the release of ACH?
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Dorsal Medullary Center
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What is the name of the process that involves pulmonary stretch receptors in the bronchioles and APs are send afferently when lungs being to surpass maximal filling capacity?
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Hering Breuer Reflex
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Which nerve sends inhibitory APs from the DRG to the diaphragm?
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Phrenic Nerve
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What is the protective reflex that prevents over inflation of the lungs?
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Hering Breuer Reflex
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What type of chemoreceptors are wekly sensitive to an increase in CO2 but highly sensitive to H+?
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Peripheral Chemoreceptors
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What is the dominant controlling response in ventilation?
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Central chemoreceptors
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What chemoreceptors are stimulated by O2 only if there is a severe decrease?
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Peripheral chemoreceptors
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Is the PO2 higher or lower in the systemic capillaries than in the tissue cells?
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higher
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Is the PCO2 higher in the pulmonary capillaries or in the systemic capillaries?
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Systemic capillaries
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Is the PCO2 higher in the pulmonary capillaries or in the alveoli?
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Pulmonary capillaries
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O2 loads up in which capillaries?
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Pulmonary capillaries
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Where does Hb unload O2?
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Tissues
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Does the bond strength b/w O2 and HB increase or decrease is CO2 levels in the tissue increase?
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Decrease
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What factors can cause a decrease in bond strength b/w O2 and Hb?
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High CO2, High H+, or high temp
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What is the condition that results in too few RBCs or RBCs are not containing adequate Hb levels?
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Anemic hypoxia
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What is the condition when there is decreased O2 delivery due to blood circulation to a buildup of scar tissue?
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Ischemic hypooxia
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What is the condition if tissue cells are unable to use O2 supplied to them but O2 delivery is normal?
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Histotoxic hypoxia
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Cyanide poising can lead to which oxygen impurement?
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Histotoxic hypoxia
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What is the condition when the alveolar PO2 is normal but the arterial PO2 is low due to a reduced Hb saturation?
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Hypoxic hypoxia
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Most of CO2 in your body is transported by what?
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Bicarbonate
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What is the condition that results low PCO2 and repiratory alkalosis?
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Hyperventilation
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What is the condition that results in high PCO2 and respiratory acidosis?
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Hypoventilation
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