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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CNS |
Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord |
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PNS |
Peripheral Nervous System Cranial and Spinal Nerves |
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3 Kinds of Nerves |
Afferent, Inter-neurons and Efferent |
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Afferent |
Sensory, carry impulses from the body to the CNS |
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Inter-neurons |
Carry impulses from afferent to efferent neurons |
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Efferent |
Motor- carry impulses from CMS to muscles and glands |
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SNS |
Somatic Nervous system, voluntary, controls skeletal muscles, part of the PNS |
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ANS |
Autonomic Nervous System, involuntary, controls smooth muscles and glands Part of the PNS, |
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ANS contains 2 types of nerves |
Sympathetic and Parasymptheic |
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Sympathetic |
Responds to Fight or Flight response, increased HR and increased BP |
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Papasympathetic |
Decreases HR returning body back to normal |
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2 main types of nerve cells found in nerve tissue |
Neurons and Neuroglia |
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Neurons |
Functional unit of the nervous system, cell body, axon, and one or more dendrites |
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Myelin |
Covering of some neurons, helps speed the transmission of an impulse |
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Axon |
Covered by myelin sheath, make up white matter Axons not covered by sheath make up gray matter |
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Dendrites |
Carry impulses towards the cell body |
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Axons |
Carry impulses away from the body |
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Synapse |
Space between 2 neurons where impulses cross |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical released from one neuron through the synapse to another |
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Neuroglia |
type of connective tissue, provide support for the nervous system, they do not conduct impulses- they protect through phagocytosis |
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4 Types of Neurological Cells |
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and Oligodendrocytes |
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Astrocytes |
Star shaped. most numerous, only in CNS, wrap around brains blood capillaries forming a tight sheath |
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Blood brain Barrier |
Protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood, made up of sheath and wall if capillary |
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Microglia |
Branches extending from cell body, digest debris and pathogens |
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Ependymal cells |
Line cavities in the brain and spinal cord |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Covers axons to form myelin sheath- speeds the conduction of nerve impulses |
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Meninges |
Pia matter, arachnoid membrane, dura mater Protective membranes that cover the CNS |
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Pia Mater |
Tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord |
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Arachnoid membrane |
Resembles spider web |
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Subarachnoid space |
Under the arachnoid membrane, holds the CSF |
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CSF |
Protects the brain and spinal cord, shock absober and provides nutrients |
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Dura Mater |
Tough white connective tissue, outermost layer |
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Cerebrum |
Largest part of the brain, contains many gyri and sulci |
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Gyri (sing. gyrus) |
Elevations of the Cerebrum |
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Sulci (sing. sulcus) |
grooves of the cerebrum |
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Cerebellum |
Behind the brain stem (balance) |
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Brain Stem |
connects the brain to the spinal cord |
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Acetylcholine |
Neurotrasmitters |
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Anesthia |
without feeling or sensation |
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Aneurysm |
Weakening and dilation of the wall of an artery |
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Aphasia |
inability to communicate because of an injury to the brain |
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Astrocytoma |
Tumor of the brain or spinal cord, made up of astrocytes |
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Ataxia |
Without muscle coordination |
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Bradykinesia |
abnormally slow movememt |
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Brudzinski's Sign |
Positive sign of meningitis- involuntary flexion of the arm, hip, and knee when the patients neck is passively flexed |
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Burr Hole |
hole drilled into the skull |
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Cauda equina |
lower end of spinal cordand roots of spinal nerves – horse’s tail
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Cephalalgia
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headache
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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found in the ventriclesof brain and spinal cord – for protection
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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abnormal breathingpattern – apnea followed by deep, rapid breathing
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Dementia
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progressive,irreversible deteriorating memory
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Deficit |
any deficiency orvariation of the normal – ex. neurological deficit - CVA
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Diplopia |
double vision |
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Dysphasia |
Difficult Speech |
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Embolism
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blood clot (embolus)becomes lodged in a blood vessel
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Gail |
Style of walking |
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Hemiparesis
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slight or partialparalysis of one half of the body
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Hemiplegia
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paralysis of one half ofthe body
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Kernig’s sigN
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positive sign ofmeningitis – inability to extend the leg completely when the leg is at a rightangle to the body when the person is sitting or lying |
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Lethargy |
a state of being sluggish |
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Narcolepsy |
uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep |
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Nuchal rigidity
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stiff neck – seen inpatient’s with meningitis
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Occlusion
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blockage |
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Palliative |
soothing |
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Paresthesia |
numbness of tingling |
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Paraplegia |
paralysis of the lowerextremities, usually due to spinal cord injuries
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Radiculectomy
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surg. removal of aspinal nerve root to relieve pain
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Sciatica
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inflammation of thesciatic nerve
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Shunt
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tube to redirectfluid
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Thrombosis
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clot develops in a blood vessel
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Ventricle
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hollow space filled withCSF
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Bell’s palsy
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temporary or permanentparalysis of the muscles on one side of the face
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Carpal tunnelsyndrome
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pinching of the median nerve within thecarpal tunnel
Due to inflammation of tendons |
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Cerebral palsy(CP)
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-congenital brain damage
-Lack of control of voluntary muscles due tolack of O2 at birth |
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Cerebrovascularaccident (CVA)
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death of a portion ofbrain tissue because of ischemia, also called stroke
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Degenerativedisk disease
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deterioration of theintervertebral disks
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Grand malseizure
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tonic-clonic seizure,sudden LOC, involuntary muscle contraction and rigid body extensionedIn=true
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Petit malseizure
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small seizures, LOClasting a few seconds
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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acute polyneuritis (inflam. ofmany nerves) – myelin sheaths in PNS are destroyed. Usually follows viralgastrointestinal or respiratory infection.
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Hydrocephalus
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abnormal increase CSF inthe ventricles
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Meningitis
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inflammation of themeninges – bacterial or viral infection
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Multiplesclerosis (MS)
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-degenerativeinflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath
-Leaves it sclerosed (hardened) or scarred No cure – meds can prolong remissions |
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Myastheniagravis
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chronic progressiveneuromuscular disorder causing severe muscle weakness (atrophy) – autoimmune –antibodies attack Ach receptor sites
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Babinski’s reflex
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causes dorsiflexion whenthe sole of the foot is stroked (tests if there is disease of upper motorneurons)
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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measures the electricalactivity of the brain
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Romberg test
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used to evaluatecerebellar function – testing balance
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Lumbar puncture (LP)
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extracting CSF usuallybetween the 3rd and 4thlumbar vertebrae, can diagnose many disorders
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Laminectomy
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removal of bony archesfrom 1 or more vertebrae to relieve pressure
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CT
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computerized tomography
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MRI |
magnetic resonance imaging
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PET |
positron emission tomography
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TENS |
transcutaneous electrical nervestimulation
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TIA |
transient ischemic attack
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Absence Seizure |
a small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousnesses lasting only a few seconds |
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Agnosia |
Loss of mental ability to understand SENSORY STIMULI even though the sensory organs are functioning properly |
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Agraphia |
the inability to convert ones thoughts into writing |
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Alexia |
the inability to understand written words |
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Analgesia |
without sensitivity to pain |
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Apraxia |
inability to perform coordinated movements or use objects properly, not associated with sensory or motor impairment or paralysis |
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Aura |
the sensation an individual experiences prior to the onset of a migraine headache or seizure. May be a sensation of light or warmth and may precede the attack by hours or only a few seconds |
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Causalgia |
A sensation of an acute burning pain along the path of a peripheral nerve, sometimes accompanied by erythema of the skin, due to injury to peripheral nerve fibers |
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Cerebral concussion |
brief interruption of brain function, usually loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds. Transient loss of consciousness is usually caused by blunt trauma to the head |
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Cerebral cortex |
Thin outer layer if nerve tissue, know as grey matter that covers the surface of the cerebrum |
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Cerebral Contisuion |
Small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain, bruise of the brain tissue occurring when the brain strikes into the inner skull |
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cERVICAL RADIOCULOPATHY |
any disease of the spinal nerve roots in the neck, caused by pressure on the nerve roots |
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Coma |
deep sleep in which an individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to outside stimuli |
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Contracture |
permanent shortening of a muscle causing a joint to remain in an abnormally flexed position, with resultant physical deformity |