The Nervous System

Front 1

Parts of a Neuron

Back 1

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body or Soma
3) Axon Hillock
4) Axon
5) The Terminal Knob

Front 2

Nerve Cell/Neuron

Back 2

Basic constructional component of the nervous system.
Transmits electrical messages.
It can be divided into several parts based on its structure and electrical properties

Front 3

Function of the Nervous System

Back 3

coordinate and control multiple body functions by use of electrical signals through the body

Front 4

Dendrites

Back 4

Multiple extensions from the cell body. Specialize in receiving electrical signals. Generate local potentials.

Front 5

Multiple extensions from the cell body. Specialize in receiving electrical signals. Generate local potentials.

Back 5

Dendrites

Front 6

Cell Body or Soma

Back 6

Metabolic control center, houses nucleus, mitochondria and synthesizes signal transmitters. Membrane involved in signal reception and integration.

Front 7

Metabolic control center, houses nucleus, mitochondria and synthesizes signal transmitters. Membrane involved in signal reception and integration.

Back 7

Cell Body or Soma

Front 8

Axon Hillock

Back 8

located between the Soma and the Axon. the membrane can 'sum' local signal potentials and produce an action potential that can travel down the axon

Front 9

located between the Soma and the Axon. the membrane can 'sum' local signal potentials and produce an action potential that can travel down the axon

Back 9

Axon Hillock

Front 10

Axon

Back 10

specializes in transmitting an action potential (the signal) along its length

Front 11

specializes in transmitting an action potential (the signal) along its length

Back 11

Axon

Front 12

Axon

Back 12

Of a neuron, a long, cylindrical extension from the cell body, with finely branched endings. Action potentials mover rapidly, without alteration, along an axon; their arrival at axon endings may trigger the release of neurotransmitter molecules that influence an adjacent cell.

Front 13

Of a neuron, a long, cylindrical extension from the cell body, with finely branched endings. Action potentials move rapidly

Back 13

Axon

Front 14

The Terminal Knob

Back 14

of a neuron, axon subdivides into multiple projections each capped by a swell of cytoplasm (terminal knob)
transmits an action potential

Front 15

of a neuron, axon subdivides into multiple projections each capped by a swell of cytoplasm (terminal knob)
transmits an action potential

Back 15

The Terminal Knob

Front 16

Types of neurons

Back 16

1) multipolar
2) bipolar
3) unipolar
4) Type II neurons

Front 17

multipolar neuron

Back 17

has multiple dendrites and a single axon. Most common type. found in the central nervous system and is the common form of the motor neuron of the peripheral nervous system

Front 18

has multiple dendrites and a single axon. Most common type. found in the central nervous system and is the common form of the motor neuron of the peripheral nervous system

Back 18

multipolar neuron

Front 19

Action Potential

Back 19

A momentary change in electrical potential on the surface of a cell, especially of a nerve or muscle cell, that occurs when it is stimulated, resulting in the transmission of an electrical impulse.

Front 20

Bipolar neurons

Back 20

have one axon and one dendrite. dendrite is usually part of a special sensory apparatus i.e. ear, eye

Front 21

have one axon and one dendrite. dendrite is usually part of a special sensory apparatus i.e. ear, eye

Back 21

Bipolar neurons

Front 22

Unipolar neuron

Back 22

an axon extends from the cell body.
the axon sends a process in two different directions. usually acts as sensory neurons

Front 23

an axon extends from the cell body.
the axon sends a process in two different directions. usually acts as sensory neurons

Back 23

unipolar neuron

Front 24

Type II Neuron

Back 24

have no axons. used for local neuron to neuron integration and communication within the central nervous system

Front 25

have no axons. used for local neuron to neuron integration and communication within the central nervous system

Back 25

Type II Neuron

Front 26

Subdivisions of the Nervous System

Back 26

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

Front 27

Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 27

Somatic (Sensory Motor) System
Autonomic Nervous System

Front 28

Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Back 28

Sympathetic System
Parasympathetic System

Front 29

Components of the Central Nervous System

Back 29

1) Spiral Cord
2) Brain

Front 30

Spiral Cord

Back 30

receives messages from the periphery via dorsal sensory roots and sends messages via the ventral motor roots. It communicates with the brain using interneurons in its central grey matter and axon tracts in its white matter

Front 31

Components of the Brain

Back 31

1) Forebrain
2) Brainstem
3) Cerebellum

Front 32

Components of the Forebrain

Back 32

1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon

Front 33

Components of the Cerebrum

Back 33

Right and Left hemispheres
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

Front 34

Frontal Lobe

Back 34

anterior region - site of consciousness, learning, 'higher functions'
posterior region - skeletal muscle control 'motor cortex'
lower region - speech control

Front 35

Parietal Lobe

Back 35

anterior region - touch, pain, pressure, sense
side central region - taste

Front 36

Temporal Lobe

Back 36

houses the auditory and olfactory areas

Front 37

Occipital Lobe

Back 37

houses the optic center

Front 38

Components of the Diencephalon

Back 38

Thalamus section
Hypothalamus section

Front 39

Thalamus section

Back 39

a sensory relay station and participates in skeletal muscle control

Front 40

Hypothalamus section

Back 40

general body functions thru it's control of the pituitary gland and autonomic nervous system

Front 41

Limbic System

Back 41

this 'part' of the forebrain coordinates the activities of the cerebrum and diencephalon. It is involved in emotion and learning

Front 42

Components of the Brainstem

Back 42

1) Midbrain
2) Pons
3) Medulla Oblongata
4) Reticular Formation

Front 43

Cerebellum

Back 43

a dorsal projection of the brainstem under the cerebrum
coordinates skeletal muscle movements, balance, maintenance of posture, involved in learning especially of physical tasks

Front 44

Midbrain & Pons

Back 44

areas of dense nerve tracts that interconnect the body and medulla with the forebrain

Front 45

Medulla Oblongata

Back 45

consists of many control and integration centers for major body systems
EX cardiovascular/respiratory

Front 46

Reticular Formation

Back 46

a 'subpart' of the brainstem
coordinates the function of the sections and communicates information coming from the body to the forebrain

Front 47

Nerves of the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 47

Afferent Fibers
Efferent Fibers

Front 48

Afferent Fibers

Back 48

nerves running to the CNS
generally composed of sensory neurons

Front 49

Efferent Fibers

Back 49

nerves running from the CNS
generally contains 'motor neurons'

Front 50

Components of the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 50

1) Somatic System
2) Autonomic System

Front 51

Somatic System

Back 51

nerves supplying the skin and skeletal muscles
sensory fibers conduct impulses involved in touch, pain and pressure
actions are conscious
motor fibers control movement of skeletal muscles

Front 52

Components of the Autonomic System

Back 52

Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division

Front 53

Parasympathetic division

Back 53

composed of the Cranial and Sacral nerves
major neruotransmitter at effector organ is acetylcholine
involved in all the physiologic functions of a resting person

Front 54

Sympathetic division

Back 54

composed of the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
major neurotransmitter at effector organ is noradrenaline
involved in preparing the body for energy-expending, stressful or emergency situations

Front 55

neurons conduction zone; carries outgoing signals

Back 55

axon

Front 56

axon

Back 56

neurons conduction zone; carries outgoing signals

Front 57

relay messages from interneurons to muscles and glands

Back 57

motor neurons

Front 58

motor neurons

Back 58

relay messages from interneurons to muscles and glands

Front 59

neurons input zone; receives incoming signals

Back 59

dendrites

Front 60

dendrite

Back 60

neurons input zone; receives incoming signals

Front 61

carrier protein; moves sodium and potassium across the membrane

Back 61

sodium-potassium pump

Front 62

sodium-potassium pump

Back 62

carrier protein; moves sodium and potassium across the membrane

Front 63

minimum shift in voltage difference required for an action potential

Back 63

threshold level

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threshold level

Back 64

minimum shift in voltage difference required for an action potential

Front 65

action potential

Back 65

a "nerve impulse"

Front 66

a "nerve impulse"

Back 66

action potential

Front 67

interneurons

Back 67

receive and integrate input, then signal other neurons

Front 68

receive and integrate input, then signal other neurons

Back 68

interneurons

Front 69

sensory neurons

Back 69

collect information about stimuli and relay it to the brain

Front 70

collect information about stimuli and relay it to the brain

Back 70

sensory neurons

Front 71

neuroglia

Back 71

physically support and protect neurons; help maintain proper ion concentrations

Front 72

physically support and protect neurons; help maintain proper ion concentrations

Back 72

neuroglia

Front 73

resting membrane potential

Back 73

steady charge difference across neuron cell membrane

Front 74

steady charge difference across neuron cell membrane

Back 74

resting membrane potential

Front 75

what is an excitable neuron?

Back 75

a neuron can respond to certain stimuli by producing an electrical signal

Front 76

potassium and sodium cross the membrane through _____ _____

Back 76

channel proteins

Front 77

at rest a neuron's sodium channels are open/closed

Back 77

closed

Front 78

sodium moves out/in

Back 78

in

Front 79

potassium moves out/in

Back 79

out

Front 80

inside cell is positive/negative

Back 80

negative

Front 81

outside of the membrane is positive/negative

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positive

Front 82

voltage difference does this when a strong signal arrives

Back 82

reverses so positive is negative and negative is positive

Front 83

threshold level is positive/negative feedback?

Back 83

positive

Front 84

sodium and potassium gradients are controlled through

Back 84

active transport

Front 85

sodium potassium pump

Back 85

potassium is moved into the cell
sodium is moved out of the cell

Front 86

autonomic nerves

Back 86

signals travel to and from internal organs
includes preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
motor axons carry messages to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
includes parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Front 87

somatic nerves

Back 87

sensory axons carry information from receptors in skin, skeletal muscles and tendons
signals concern moving the head, trunk and limbs
motor axons deliver commands to skeletal muscles

Front 88

grey matter

Back 88

found inside the spinal cord
contains dendrites, cell bodies of neurons, interneurons, and neuroglial cells

Front 89

white matter

Back 89

nerve tracts (bundles of myelinated axons)

Front 90

sympathetic nerves

Back 90

cause glandular secretions in the airways to decrease and salivary gland secretions to thicken
nerves tend to speed up the body during heightened awareness, excitement or danger

Front 91

parasympathetic nerves

Back 91

nerves cause the pupils to constrict and heart rate to decrease, as well as increasing stomach and intestinal movements
nerves tend to slow down the body when there is not much outside stimulation

Front 92

center of consciousness, memory, and intelligence in this part of the brain

Back 92

forebrain

Front 93

math is prominent is what hemisphere?

Back 93

left

Front 94

part of the brain that controls breathing heartbeat etc . . .

Back 94

medulla oblongata

Front 95

part of the brain that controls balance and coordination

Back 95

cerebellum