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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the 3 types of muscles |
1 skeletal 2 cardiac 3 smooth |
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skeletal muscles generally produce ___ in ___ |
movement; bones |
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cardiac muscles serve to ___ ___ ard the ___ |
pump blood ard the body |
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smooth muscles are gen found in the ___ organs, ___ ___ and ___, and serve to produce ___ in ___ ___ |
internal organs, blood vessels, eye; produce movement in internal organs |
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classify the 3 types of msc into voluntary/involuntary nervous ctrl |
skeletal - voluntary cardiac and smooth - involuntary |
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a msc is made up of ___ ___, which is composed of ___ made of thin ___ filaments and thick ___ filaments |
msc fibres; myofibrils; actin; myosin |
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in ___ and ___ mscs, the myofibrils ___ each other in a ___ ___, giving the msc an appearance of alt light and dark bands or ___ |
skeletal and cardiac; regular fashion; striations |
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___ msc fibres dont have the striped appearance of ___ and ___ mscs. their actin and myosin filaments arent arranged in parallel myofibrils, but ___ the msc fibre at various angles as ___ ___ ___ |
smooth; skeletal and cardiac; crisscross; small contractile units |
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the typical skeletal msc has a ctrl fleshy part called the ___, and tapers at each end - the ___ |
belly, head |
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most skeletal mscs are attached to bones by tough ___ connective tissue bands called ___ |
fibrous; tendons |
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some skeletal mscs are attached by broad sheets of connective tissue called ___ to bones or other mscs (one eg is the ___ ___ of the abdo Vt midline) |
aponeuroses |
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the starting pt of attachment of a skeletal msc to a bone is called the ___; this moves ___ during a contraction. the other end is known as the ___ |
origin; least; insertion |
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a ___ ___ is the site where motor ___ connect to the skeletal msc fibres |
neuromuscular junction; neurones |
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name the small space bw the end of the nerve fibre and the cell membrane of the msc fibre; give the name of this cell membrane |
synaptic space; sarcolemma |
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a ___ ___ is the neurone and all the msc fibres it innervates |
motor unit |
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when a nerve impulse travels down the motor neurone and reaches the ___ ___ at the neuromuscular junction, ___ is released into the ___ ___ |
acetylcholine; synaptic space |
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the acetylcholine binds to ___ on the surface of the sarcolemma, which starts an ___ that travels along the ___ |
receptors; impulse; sarcolemma |
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___ ions are then released, starting the contraction of the ___, powered by ___ |
Ca(2+); myofibrils; ATP |
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___ ___ on the ___ filaments ratchet back and forth to pull the ___ filaments on both sides towards the centre of the ___ filament |
cross bridges; myosin; actin; myosin |
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the ___ of the filaments over each other ___ the msc fibre, producing a ___ |
sliding; shortens; contraction |
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msc fibres can store ___ and ___ |
glycogen and oxygen |
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the purpose of glycogen is to give ___; O2 is attached to ___, which gives muscle its ___ colour |
glucose; myoglobin; red |
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when O2 supply is adequate to meet the energy demands of the msc, the msc fibres metabolise glucose by ___ ___ |
aerobic resp |
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in times of an O2 shortage, the msc fibres switch to ___ ___, which produces ___ ___ |
anaerobic resp; lactic acid |
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lactic acid ___ into the bloodstrean where it is converted in the ___ back to ___ in a process that uses ___ |
diffuses; liver; glucose; o2 |
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thus, the animal continues to breathe or ___ heavily aft a bout of strenuous exercise to repay this "___ ___" |
pant; o2 debt |
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some energy produced by skeletal msc is in the form of ___, which can be used to keep an animal ___ -- when an animal ___, its mscs are actually making small ___ ___ to generate ___ |
heat; warm; shivers; spasmodic contractions; heat |
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inst of lrg no.s of msc cells contracting simultaneously, ___ msc cells contract in a rapid ___ fashion that serves to effectively squeeze blood out of the ___ ___ |
cardiac; wavelike; heart chambers |
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the ___ that starts each heartbeat begins in the pacemaker of the heart, the ___ ___, which is located in the wall of the ___ ___ |
impulse; sinoatrial node; R atrium |
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smooth msc which is found in the walls of int organs is known as ___ ___ ___, and its cells are resp for ___, ___ waves of contractions |
visceral smooth muscle; large, rhythmic |
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give 2 examples of these waves of contraction |
1 peristaltic movements of GI tract 2 uterine contraction during parturition |
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some smooth mscs form a ___ and serve to ctrl the ___ or ___ of a structure |
ring; entrance or exit |
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in other regions such as the ___ and ___ ___ of the eye, and the ___ of the lungs, there are multi-unit smooth mscs present made up of ___ ___ or ___ ___ of cells |
iris and ciliary body; bronchioles; ind cells; small grps |
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these smooth mscs allow for ___ ___ and ___ movements |
finely controlled and delicate |
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name the 6 types of muscles of the head |
1 mscs of facial exp 2 mscs of masticatn 3 mscs of the eye 4 mscs of the neck 5 mscs of the tongue 6 mscs of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate |
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name the 5 structures that the mscs of facial exp move and name the nerve that they are innervated by |
1 lips 2 cheeks 3 nostrils 4 eyelids 5 ext ears facial nerve |
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name the 4 mscs of masticatn (one of them is actually a group of mscs) |
1 digastricus 2 masseter 3 temporalis 4 medial and lateral pterygoids |
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digastricus - loc and fn |
Cd-Vt surface of mandible; opens jaw |
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masseter - loc and fn |
lateral to mandible; closes jaw |
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temporalis - loc and fn; also the ___ and ___ msc of the head |
temples; closes jaw; largest and strongest |
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medial and lateral pterygoids - loc and fn |
deep mscs lying medial to mandible; close the jaw, resp for side to side movements of mouth |
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the tone in the ___ and ___ mscs keep mouth closed when not in use |
temporalis; masseter |
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name the 3 types of eye mscs |
1 rectus mscs
2 oblique mscs 3 retractor bulbi |
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name the 4 types of rectus mscs and the 2 types of oblique mscs in the eye, along with what type of movement they are resp for |
1 Ds- upwards 2 Vt- downwards 3 medial - towards median plane 4 lateral - away from median plane 1 Ds - elevation during abd 2 Vt - depression during abd |
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state the loc and fn of the retractor bulbi
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forms a mscr cone ard the optic nerve and pulls eye deeper into socket |
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state the fn of the mscs of the neck |
extend (raise) and flex (lower) the head and neck |
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mscs of the tongue enable it to carry out a ___ ___ of ___ ___ |
wide range of delicate movements |
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mscs of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate enable ___ and ___ ___ movements |
swallowing; sound production |
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name the 4 types of mscs of the trunk |
1 mscs of the vertebral column 2 mscs of the thorax 3 diaphragm 4 abdo mscs |
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state the 2 types of mscs of the vertebral column |
1 hypaxial mscs 2 epaxial mscs |
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where are epaxial mscs located and how are they arranged? |
Ds to the vertebral column and arranged in 3 longitudinal grps |
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what are the 3 fns of the epaxial mscs? |
1 support spine 2 extend vertebral column 3 allow lateral flexion |
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where are the hypaxial mscs located and what is their fn? |
Vt to vertebral column; flex vertebral column |
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name the 2 types of mscs of the thorax |
1 ext intercostals 2 int intercostals |
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ext intercostals - loc and fn |
originate fr Cd border of one rib and insert on Cr border of next rib; assist in inspiration |
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int intercostals - loc and fn |
medial to ext intercostals; assist in forced expiration |
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the diaphragm separates the ___ ___ from the ___ ___ and consists of a ___ ___ and a ___ ___. the 2 "arms" of the diaphragm are called the L and R ___ |
thoracic cavity; abdo cavity; central tendon; mscr periphery; crura |
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the diaphragm is the main msc of ___ - when it ___, the lungs expand and draw in air |
inspiration; contracts |
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name the 3 openings in the diaphragm |
aortic hiatus; oesophageal hiatus; caval foramen |
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name A, B and C and state what they transmit |
A: caval foramen - Cd VC B: aortic hiatus - aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct C: oesophageal hiatus oesophagus, vagus nerve |
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name the 4 abdo mscs from superficial to deep |
1 ext ab ob 2 int ab ob 3 rectus abdominis 4 transversus abdominis |
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the ext ab ob, int ab ob and transversus abdominis terminate in an aponeurosis on the ___ ___ in the Vt midline of the abdo |
linea alba |
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the rectus abdominis is a broad band of msc on each side of the linea alba and forms the ___ of the abdo. it originates from the ___ and ___ ___, and inserts on the ___ by means of the ___ ___ |
floor; sternum; costal arch; pubis; prepubic tendon |
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the linea alba is the ___ ___ of the 3 lateral abdo mscs (rectus abdominis isnt one of them as it is vertical) |
combined aponeuroses |
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the linea alba extends along the Vt midline from the ___ ___ to the ___ ___ |
xiphoid process; pubic symphysis |
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the ext ab ob fibres run ___ from ___ to ___ while the int ab ob fibres run ___ from ___ to ___ and the transversus abdominis fibres run ___ from ___ to ___ |
diagonally from craniolateral to caudomedial; diagonally from caudolateral to craniomedial; horizontally from lateral to medial |
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define extrinsic mscs (using forelimbs for exp) |
mscs which originate on trunk but insert on forelimb |
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state the fn of the extrinsic mscs of the forelimbs |
protract, retract, abduct, adduct forelimbs |
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state the fn of the intrinsic mscs of the forelimbs |
extend/flex the shoulder joint |
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state the fn of the mscs of the elbow |
extend/flex the elbow joint |
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the bellies of the msc of the carpus and digits are grouped around the ___ and ___, and exert their actions on the carpus and digits by means of ___ ___ |
radius and ulna |
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the mscs of the carpus and digits are resp for the ___/___, ___/___, and ___/___ of the corresponding joints |
extension/flexion; abduction/adduction; pronation/supination |
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mscs of the thigh ___ or ___ the hindlimbs, ___ or ___ the hip joint, and also ___ or ___ the stifle joint |
abduct or adduct, extend or flex, extend or flex |
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mscs of the tarsus/hock and digits ___ or ___ the hock joint, ___ or ___ and ___ or ___ the digits, and ___ the hindpaw |
extend or flex; extend or flex and abduct or adduct; rotate |
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the ___ ___ runs down towards the ___ aspect of the hindlimb, inserting on the ___, and is formed fr the ___ of some of the hindlimb mscs |
achilles tendon; plantar; calcaneus; tendons |