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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymph
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Fluid inside lymphatic vessels
derived from tissue fluid |
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Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
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Gen. term referring to "all" lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic tissue (lymphoid)
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Esp. of reticular conn. tissue and lymphocytes
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Stroma
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anatomical framework of lymphatic tissue
Reticular Fibers Reticular cells Macrophages |
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Reticular fibers
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scattered
spread out Part of the stroma of Lymphatic tissue |
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Macrophages
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destroys some foreign substances by phagocytosis
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Diffuse lymphatic tissue
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not enclosed by a capsule
In lamina propria of mucous membranes In most organs of body |
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Lymphatic Nodules
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egg-shaped masses not enclosed by a capsule
Masses of lymphatic tissue Outer cortex of lymphocytes Some solitary; in mucous membranes Some in masses or aggregates |
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Lymphatic Nodules
EXAMPLE |
Tonsils
Peyer's patches in ileum Appendix |
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Red Bone Marrow
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meshes of the reticular network that contain the developmental stages of red blood cells, white blood cells, and megakaryocytes.
RBC and WBC are produced in spongy bone in long bones. |
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Lymphatic organs (major ones)
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Lymph nodes
Tonsils Spleen Thymus |
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Lymphatic System (FUNCTIONS)
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Returns tissue (interstitial or intercellular) fluid back to blood. Proteins esp. important.
Transports fats from G.I. tract to blood Lymphocytes protect against bacteria, foreign substances through: Lymphocyte T cells Lymphocyte B cells |
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Lymphocyte T cells
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Destroy invaders directly or indirectly by producing substances
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Lymphocyte B cells
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Differentiate into "plasma cells" - these produce antibodies (fights antigens)
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Lymphatic vessels
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A large vessels that collects lymph from lymphatic capillaries and converge with other lymphatic vessels to form the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts.
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Lymphatic Vessels
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Lymph capillaries
Lymphatic trunks Lymphatic ducts |
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Lymph capillaries
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Blind tubules
isolated or in plexuses larger and more B permeable vs. capillaries |
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Anchoring filaments
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Attach to epithelial cells
extend into surrounding tissue spaces edema pulls on filaments thus opening spaces btwn. cells |
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Lymphatic vessels
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From lymph capillaries
inner walls vs. veins but more valves esp. associated with visceral organs |
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Lymphatic trunks
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R and L lumbar
Intestinal (single) R and L bronchomediastinal R and L subclavian R and L jugular |
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Lymphatic ducts
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Either of the two terminal lymph vessels that convey lymph to the bloodstream: right and left.
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Lymphatic ducts
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Thoracic duct (L. lymphatic)
R. lymphatic duct |
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Thoracic duct (L. lymphatic)
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Ap. 18"
drain lft. side of body and all body above the ribs Cisterna chili Junction of L. int. jugular and L subclavian vein |
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Cisterna chili
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Dilation oof and bigining of thoracic duct
origin of thoracic duct |
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Lymph nodes
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Ap. 1" oval
bean shaped about 600 |
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R. lymphatic duct
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Ap. 1/2" long
drain upper rt. side of body Junction of the R. int. jugular and R subclavian vein |
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Hilus (hilium)
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Indentation
for lymphatic vessels (efferent), blood vessels, nerves, etc. |
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Capsule
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Dense irr. conn. tissue
Trabeculae |
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Trabeculae
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capsular extensions divide node into campartments
provides supporet and provides a route ffor vlood vessels into the interior of a node |
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Stroma of lymph node
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Capsule
Trabeculae Reticular fibers and cells |
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Parenchyma
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A lymph node is divided into a superficial layer (cortex) and deep layer (medulla).
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Cortex
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outer portion of the node
Lymphatic nodules Germinal Centers |
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Medulla
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inner portion
Medullary cords |
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Lymphatic nodules
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Densely packed lymphatic masses
darker stain |
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Germinal Centers
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Lightly stained
center of nodules produce lymphocytes |
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Medullary cords
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Strands of lymphocytes
fixed macrophages and lymphocytes |
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
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Bring lymph toward node only
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Efferent lymphatic vessels
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Located at hilus
conduct lymph away from node only |
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Lymph node Function
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Filters lymph and removes foreign substances
Produces lymphocytes (w.b.c's) |
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Cervical
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neck
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Axillary
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armpit
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Inguinal
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groin area
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Summary of Lymph flow
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Plasma (from blood) - interstitial spaces (now called tissue fluid) - to lymph capillaries (now called lymph) - to lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels - to cortical sinuses of node - medullary sinuses of node - lymph exits node via efferent lymphatic vessels at hilus - lymphatic trunks - lymphatic ducts (2)(R and L lymphatic thoracic ducts) - back to blood at junction of R and L internal jugular and subclavian veins.
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Valved lymphatic vessels
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ensure the one way movement of lymph.
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Respiratory movement
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lymph moves from high pressure regions in body to low pressure regions in thoracic cavity.
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Tonsils
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Aggregated lymph nodules
Encircle oral cavity and pharynx Manufacture lymphocytes and antibodies |
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Tonsils
(examples) |
Pharyngeal (adenoids)
Palatine Lingual |
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Spleen
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largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in body (12cm)
left hypochondriac region of body btwn stomach and diaphram |
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Gen. Shape of spleen
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neighboring organs make indentations in visceral surface of spleen.
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Stroma of spleen
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Capsule
Trabeculae Reticular fibers and cells |
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Parenchyma
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White pulp
Red pulp |
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White pulp
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blood passing through white pulp worked on by B and T cells and macrophages
consists of: Central arteries Splenic nodules (malphighian corpuscles) |
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Central arteries
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Are the numerous branches of the splenic artery
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Splenic nodules (malphighian corpuscles)
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Surround central arteries
esp. of lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Red pulp
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Blood passing through here cleansed of worn-out blood cells and platelets
stores platelets produces blood cells (hemapoeisis) during fetal life Consists of: Venous sinuses Splenic cords |
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Venous sinuses
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blood sinuses
blood moves very slowly |
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Splenic cords
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consists of r.b.c.'s, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and granulocytes
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Hilus
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a depression or fissure where vessels or ducts enter a bodily organ
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Hilus
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Splenic artery and vein
Efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Function of spleen
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Doesn't filter lymph
Produces B cells - develop into plasma cells - produce antibodies Phagocytize bacteria, old R.B.C.'s and thrombocytes Store and release blood Produce R.B.C.'s in fetus |
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Accessory spleens
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can grow more if needed
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Thymus
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a bilobed organ located in the mediastinium btwn. sternum and aorta.
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Thymus
(structure) |
Usually bilateral (thymic lobes)
Capsule Trabeculae Lobules Cortex Lymphocytes Medulla Reticular epithelial cells Thymic corpuscles |
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Thymus
(function) |
Immunity
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Immunity
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Reticular epithelial cells produce hormones that help synthesize and distribute T cells to other lymphatic organs - it is therefore also considered to be an endocrine organ
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Trabeculae
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extension of capsule penetrate inward and divide lobes into lobules
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Lobules
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divided into inner and outer portion
A section or subdivision of a lobe. |
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Cortex
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outer portion of lobule
Lymphocytes |
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Lymphocytes of cortex of lobules
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tightly packed
also present are reticular epithelial cells and macrophages |
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Medulla
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inner
Reticular epithelial cells Some lymphocytes Thymic corpuscles |
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Reticular epithelial cells
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Produce thymic hormones
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Thymic Corpuscles
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Concentric layers of flattened ret. epi. cells
filled with keratin granules and keratin |
