The Language Of Anatomy

Front 1

Vertebral

Back 1

Area of the spinal column

Front 2

Superior

Back 2

Above other structures

Front 3

Inferior

Back 3

Below other structures

Front 4

Is the nose superior to the mouth?

Back 4

Yes

Front 5

Is the abdomen inferior to the chest?

Back 5

Yes

Front 6

Anterior

Back 6

Body structures most forward ex. Face, chest,and abdomen.

Front 7

Posterior

Back 7

Structures toward the backside of the body

Front 8

Is the spine posterior to the heart?

Back 8

Yes

Front 9

Medial

Back 9

Towards the middle

Front 10

Lateral

Back 10

Away from the middle

Front 11

Cranial

Back 11

Towards the head

Front 12

Caudal

Back 12

Toward the tail

Front 13

Dorsal

Back 13

Backside

Front 14

Ventral

Back 14

Bellyside

Front 15

Proximal

Back 15

Nearer the trunk or attached end

Front 16

Distal

Back 16

Farther away from the trunk or point of attachment.

Front 17

Are the fingers distal to the elbows

Back 17

Yes

Front 18

Is the knee proxumal to the toes

Back 18

Yes

Front 19

Superficial

Back 19

Toward or at the body surface

Front 20

Deep

Back 20

Away from the body surface

Front 21

Is the skin superficial to the skeletal muscles?

Back 21

Yes

Front 22

Are the lungs deep to the rib cage?

Back 22

Yes

Front 23

Sagittal plane

Back 23

Longitudinal line that divides the body into left and right parts.

Front 24

Median or Midsagittal plane

Back 24

Divides the body down the middle into left and right parts.

Front 25

Frontal plane

Back 25

Also called coronal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Front 26

Transverse plane

Back 26

Horizontal line that divides the body into Superior and inferior parts.

Front 27

Anterior Body parts

Back 27

Look over body parts

Front 28

What separates the thoracic cavity from the ventral cavity?

Back 28

The diagphram

Front 29

Posterior Body Parts

Back 29

Look over body parts

Front 30

Dorsal body cavity

Back 30

Is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

Front 31

Cranial cavity

Back 31

Contains the brain within the rigid skull

Front 32

Vertebral cavity

Back 32

Also known as the spinal cavity and contains the spinal cord which is protected by the bony vertebral column. It is continuous with the dorsal cavity.

Front 33

Ventral body cavity

Back 33

Contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 34

Thoracic cavity

Back 34

Contains the heart and the lungs protected by the bony rib cage.

Front 35

Superior abdominal cavity

Back 35

Contains stomach intestines liver and other organs.

Front 36

Pelvic cavity

Back 36

Partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. Not continuous with the abdominal cavity,

Front 37

Serosa

Back 37

Also known as the serous membrane. It is a double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.

Front 38

Parietal serosa

Back 38

A serous membrane that lines the cavity walls and is continuous with visceral serosa

Front 39

Visceral serosa

Back 39

Covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity

Front 40

What is the function of serous membranes?

Back 40

Produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the visceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the body wall with minimal friction. Commpartmentalize the various organs so that infection is not spread.

Front 41

Peritoneum

Back 41

A serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

Front 42

Pleura

Back 42

Serous membrane enclosing the lungs.

Front 43

Pericardium

Back 43

Serous membrane that encloses the heart.

Front 44

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 44

Contains the vertebral cavity and the cranial cavity.

Front 45

Ventral Body Cavity

Back 45

Contains the abdominal pelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity.

Front 46

Umbilical region

Back 46

Contains the transverse colon of large intestines and small intestines.

Front 47

Epigastric region

Back 47

Contains the stomach.

Front 48

Hypogastric region

Back 48

Can change the urinary bladder.

Front 49

Iliac or inguinal regions

Back 49

Right iliac region contains the cecum and appendix. Left region iliac contains the initial part of the sigmoid colon.

Front 50

Lumbar region

Back 50

Right lumbar region contains the ascending colon of large intestines. Last lumbar region contains the descending colon of large intestines.

Front 51

Hypochondriac regions

Back 51

Right hypochondriac region contains the liver and the gallbladder. Left hypochondriac region contains the diaphragm and spleen.

Front 52

Oral cavity

Back 52

Contains the tongue and teeth it is continuous with the rest of the digestive tube which opens to the exterior at the anus.

Front 53

Nasal cavity

Back 53

Located within and posterior to the nose, the nozzle cavity is part of the passages of the respiratory system.

Front 54

Orbital cavity

Back 54

Contains anterior eyes.

Front 55

Middle ear cavities

Back 55

Ear cavity that lies medial to an eardrum and is carved into the bony skull and contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors and the inner ears.

Front 56

Synovial cavities

Back 56

Joint cavities which are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body such as those between the vertebrae and the knee and the hip joints. Membranes lining the synovial cavity secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the enclosed structures move across one another

Front 57

The Abdominal Pelvic Region

Back 57

Body organs per region

Front 58

Body Cavities

Back 58

Look over body cavities

Front 59

Cell

Back 59

Structural and functional unit of all living things

Front 60

Nucleus

Back 60

Contains DNA and is the control center of the cell.

Front 61

Chromatin

Back 61

Thread-like genetic material. Provide genetic regulation of the cell.

Front 62

Chromosomes

Back 62

Condensed chromatin during cell division.

Front 63

Nucleoli

Back 63

Contains ribonucleic acid (RNA) and functions as the assembly sites of ribosomes.

Front 64

Nuclear envelope

Back 64

Double-layered porous membrane it is distinguished by its nuclear pores

Front 65

Nuclear pores

Back 65

Regulates what passes through and permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules.

Allows materials to move between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Front 66

Plasma membrane

Back 66

Separate cell contents from surrounding environment made up of phospholipids fats and globular protein molecules some of the external effacing proteins and lipids have sugar carbohydrates which are side change the touch and have important cellular functions

Front 67

What is the makeup of the plasma membrane

Back 67

The plasma membrane is a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which the protein molecules float cholesterol molecules dispersed in the bilayer help stabilize it the plasma membrane is a protective barrier for the cell and plays an active role in determining which substances may enter or leave the cell

Front 68

Selective permeability

Back 68

When substances are either kept within the cell and its excreatia or wastes pass to the exterior. A type of selective permeability is the plasma membrane.

Front 69

Active transport

Back 69

When the cell must provide energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP to power the transport process.

Front 70

Passive transport

Back 70

It is a transport process that is driven by concentration or pressure differences

Front 71

What basic two ways does transport happen in the plasma membrane?

Back 71

Active transport and passive transport

Front 72

Plasma membrane also functions as

Back 72

Stabilization of neurons and muscle cells and plays a vital role in signaling and cell-to-cell interactions

Front 73

Microvilli

Back 73

Increase the surface area of the cell available for absorption or passage of materials and for The Binding of signaling molecules

Front 74

Cytoplasm

Back 74

Also known as cytosol it is the location of numerous metabolic reactions in maintains spatial relationships in the cell

Front 75

Nuclear membrane

Back 75

Double layer of membrane outer boundary of nucleus

Front 76

Organelles

Back 76

The metabolic Machinery of the cell highly organized to carry out specific functions for the cell

Front 77

What are the organelles of a cell

Back 77

Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes mitochondria cytoskeletal elements and centrioles

Front 78

Ribosomes

Back 78

Spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein they are the sites of protein synthesis and are seeing floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to a membranous structure such as the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 79

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 79

A highly folded system of membranous to tubules and cisterns that extend throughout the cytoplasm continuous with the nuclear envelope forming a system of channels for the transport of cellular substances from one part of the cell to another

Front 80

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 80

Studded with ribosomes it's cisterns modify and store newly-formed proteins and dispatch them to other areas of the cell external part of the rough ER is involved and cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis

Front 81

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 81

Does not participate in protein synthesis helps with the production of steroid based hormones such as Endocrine cells of the testes which produce testosterone also use for drug detoxification in liver cells

Front 82

Golgi apparatus

Back 82

Stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and Associated small vesicles found close to the nucleus and plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances in vesicles for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and the packaging lysosomal enzymes they may become lysosomes or secretory vesicles that release their contents from the cell

Front 83

Lysosome

Back 83

Various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes including acid hydrolysis function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell have the capacity of total cell destruction

Front 84

Peroxisomes

Back 84

Small lysosome like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol free radicals hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals active in kidney and liver cells.

Front 85

Mitochondria

Back 85

Generally rod-shaped bodies with a double membrane wall inner membrane is thrown into Volt or Chris Day contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy ATP often referred to as powerhouses of the cell

Front 86

Centrioles

Back 86

Paired cylindrical bodies lying at right angles to each other close to the nucleus as part of the centrosome they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division form the basis of cilia and flagella

Front 87

Nucleus

Back 87

Contains chromatin and nucleolus

Front 88

Nucleolus

Back 88

Assembles ribosomes

Front 89

Chromatin

Back 89

Chromosomes during cell division it is the location of DNA or genes and provides genetic regulation of the cell

Front 90

Nuclear membrane

Back 90

Double layer of membrane outer boundary of nucleus

Front 91

What are the cytoplasmic structures

Back 91

Membranes: cell(plasma) membrane, rough ER and smooth ER. Nonmembranous organelles: ribosomes and centrioles or centrosome. membranous organelles: are the Golgi body, secretory vesicles, lysosome, peroxisomes and mitochondrion. Cytosol

Front 92

Rough ER

Back 92

Membrane studded with ribosomes. Short-term storage transport passageway and packaging of proteins.

Front 93

Smooth ER

Back 93

Synthesis short-term storage transport passageway in packaging of carbohydrates lipids drug detoxification.

Front 94

Ribosomes

Back 94

Site of protein synthesis

Front 95

Centriole

Back 95

Produce systems of microtubules like cytoskeleton and spindle apparatus

Front 96

Golgi apparatus

Back 96

Synthesis final assembly of complex molecules short-term storage transport and packaging of materials especially for secretion. May become lysosomes.

Front 97

Lysosome

Back 97

Membrane that helps with intracellular digestion of large organic molecules into their simpler components.

Front 98

Peroxisome

Back 98

Membrane that helps in the Detoxthication of harmful metabolic toxins like alcohol and hydrogen peroxide.

Front 99

Mitochondria

Back 99

Power house of the cell requiring aerobic oxygen or the steps of cellular respiration to breakdown glucose to use as energy in the form of ATP.

Front 100

Cytosol

Back 100

Also known as cytoplasm, it is the site of metabolic reactions aand maintains spatial relationships within a cell.

Front 101

Metabolic cell

Back 101

Nondividing cell. Interphase- general cell growth and DNA replication.

Front 102

Cell division mitosis

Back 102

PMAT: prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis.

Front 103

Interphase

Back 103

General cell growth in DNA replication.

Front 104

Prophase

Back 104

Nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, chromatin condenses into chromosomes and spindle apparatus forms.

Front 105

Metaphase

Back 105

Chromosomes line up in metaphase plate.

Front 106

Anaphase

Back 106

Centromeres split to end metaphase. Sister chromatids become chromosomes and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle apparatus.

Front 107

Telophase

Back 107

Chromosomes reach the opposite poles and clamp. Events of prophase are reverspad.Chromosomes to chromatin. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform spindle apparatus dismantled and cytokinesis is completed.

Front 108

Name the six epithelial tissues

Back 108

Simple squamous epithelium, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium

Front 109

What are the 7 connective tissues

Back 109

Fibrocartilage elastic cartilage hyaline cartilage adipose tissue areolar tissue bone tissue blood tissue

Front 110

What are the three muscle tissues

Back 110

Skeletal muscle cardiac muscle visceral muscle

Front 111

Simple sqamous epithelium

Back 111

Allows passage of materials by diffusion, secretes lubricating substances within the serosa. found in air sacs of the lungs, the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and ventral body cavity.

Front 112

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 112

Secretion and absorption, found in kidney tubules, ducts, and secretory portions of small glands.

Front 113

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Back 113

Secretion of mucus, propulsion of mucous by ciliary action. Found lining the trachea and most upper respiratory tract.

Front 114

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 114

Absorbs and secretes mucous and enzymes. Found lining most of the digestive tract.

Front 115

Nervous tissue

Back 115

Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors the location is the brain spinal cord and nerves.

Front 116

Cardiac muscle

Back 116

Propels blood into circulation

Front 117

Hyaline cartilage

Back 117

Supports reinforces and cushions and resists compressive stress. Covers the ends of long bones, forms costal cartilage of ribs cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx.

Front 118

Elastic cartilage

Back 118

Maintain shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Supports the external ear and epiglottis.

Front 119

Skeletal muscle

Back 119

Voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expressions and voluntary control. Located in skeletal muscle attached to the bones or occasionally to the skin.

Front 120

Bone tissue

Back 120

Look at the card for now

Front 121

Stratified squamous tissue

Back 121

Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. Found in moist soft areas such as the esophagus, mouth and vagina.

Front 122

Transitional epithelium

Back 122

Stretches readily and permits descension of the urinary Organ.

Front 123

Adipose tissue

Back 123

Provides reserved food fuel, insulates against Heat supports and protects organs