The Immune System And Lymphoid Organs (Junqueira)

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GM-CSF & M-CSF

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These are growth and differentiation factors for leukocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow

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TNF-a , TGF-b & IL-1

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Stimulation of inflammation and fever

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IL-12

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Stimulation of growth in T lymphocytes and NK cells

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IL-2 & IL-4

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Growth factors for T helper cells and B lymphocytes

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IL-5

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Cytokine responsible for eosinophil proliferation, differentiation, and activation

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Interferon-y & IL-4

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Cytokines which is respnsible for activation of macrophages

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IL-10

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Cytokine which inhibits macrophages and specific adaptive immune responses

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Interferon-a & Interferon-b

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Cytokines with antiviral activity

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IL-8

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Chemokine for neutrophils and T lymphocytes

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HCl and organic acids

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Lowers pH locally to either kill entering microorgansims directly or inhibit their growth

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Defensins

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Short cationic polypeptides produced by neutrophils and various epithelial cells that kill bacteria by disrupting the cell walls

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Lysozyme

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An enzyme made by neutrophils and cells of epithelial barriers, which hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall components, killing those cells

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Complement

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A system of proteins in blood plasma, mucus, and macrophages that react with bacterial surface components to aid removal of bacteria

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Interferons

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Paracrine factors from leukocytes and virus-infected cells that signal NK cells to kill such cells and adjascent cells to resist viral infection

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Chemokines

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Cytokines producing directed cell movements (chemotaxis)

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Chemotaxis

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Directed cell movements

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Interleukins

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A group of cytokines which stimulates or suppresses lymphocyte activities in adaptive immunity

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Cytokines

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Immune system communication molecule

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Cytokines

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Coordinate cell activities in the innate and adaptive immune responses

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Thymus

Bone Marrow

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Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Lymph Nodes

Spleen

Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue found in the mucosa of the digestive system, including the tonsils, peyer's patches, and appendix

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Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Lymphocytes are formed initially in these organs

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Secondary lymphoid organs

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This is where lymphocyte activation and proliferation occurs

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Mucosa of:

Digestive

Respiratory

Urogenital

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What comprises the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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Toll-like receptors

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Found on leukocytes which allow the recognition and binding of surface components of invaders

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Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)

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Destroy cells infected with bacteria or virus, as well as certain potentially tumorigenic cells

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Innate immunity

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This type of immunity is immediate, non-specific, and is evolutionarily older

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Most of granulocytes and other leukocytes

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Cells mediating innate immunity

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Adaptive immunity

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This type of immunity aims at specific microbial invaders

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Lymphocytes and Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

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Cells which mediates adaptive immunity

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Antigen

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A molecule that is recognized by cells of the adaptive immune system and typically elicits a response from these cells

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Antigenic determinants or Epitopes

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Small molecular domains of the antigen which the immune cells recognize and react to

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Cellular response

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The immune response in which lymphocytes are primarily in charge of eliminating the antigen

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Humoral response

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The immune response in which antibodies are primarily responsible for the response

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Antibody

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A glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin family that interacts specifically with an epitope.

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Plasma cells

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These cells secrete antibodies

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Plasma cells

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Arises by terminal differentiation of clonally proliferating B lymphocytes whose receptors recognize and bind specific epitopes

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Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains bound by disulfide bonds

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Describe the design of an immunoglobulin

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Fc Region (constant region)

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Isolated carboxyl-terminal portion of the heavy chain molecules

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Fc region (constant region)

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Recognized by cell surface receptors on basophils and mast cells

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Fab region (variable region)

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Found near the amino end of the light and heavy chains which binds the antigen

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One light chain and one heavy chain

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What makes up the Fab portions of an antibody's antigen-binding site

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False

Both binding sites binds to same antigen

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True or False: Each antibody has two antigen-binding sites, and each binding site binds to different antigens

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IgG

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Most abundant class of immunoglobulins (75-85%)

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IgG

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This immunoglobulin increases in number during immune responses following infections

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Greater than 3 weeks

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Half life of IgG

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IgG

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This immunoglobulin crosses the placental barrier into the fetal circulation

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Passive immunity

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What type of immunity does IgG confer to the newborns?

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IgA

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Immunoglobuline which is present in almost all exocrine secretions

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IgA

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Immunoglobulin with a dimeric structure with J chain and a secretory component

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J chain

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This polypeptide unites the heavy chains of two monomeric units of immunoglobulins

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Plasma cells in MUCOSAE of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts

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What cells produces IgA?

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Secretory component

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This is released by epithelial cells as IgA undergoes transcytosis

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True

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True or False: The structure of IgA is resistant to proteolysis and it reacts with microorganisms in milk, saliva, tears, and mucus coating the mucosa in which it is made

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IgA

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Constitutes 10-15% of blood immunoglobulins

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IgM

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Constitutes 5-10% of blood immunoglobulins

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Pentameric united by a J chain

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What is the structure of IgM?

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IgM

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This immunoglobulin is produced in an initial response to an antigen

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False (IgM)

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True or False: IgE bound to an antigen is the most effective antibody class in activating the complement system

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IgG

IgE

IgD

Single si doc GED

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What are the immunoglobulins whose structure is monomeric?

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IgM

IgD

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Immunoglobulins found in the surface of B lymphocytes

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0.002%

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IgE constitutes how many percent of the total blood immunoglobulins?

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Basophils and Mast Cells

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The Fc region (constant region) of IgE is bound to what cells?

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Histamine

Heparin

Leukotrienes

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What are the substances liberated when an antigen binds to IgE?

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IgE

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Immunoglobulin responsible for allergic reactions

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IgE

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Immunoglobulin which destroys parasitic worms

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IgD

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Least abundant and least understood class of immunoglobulin in plasma

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IgG

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This immunoglobulin activates phagocytosis, and neutralizes antigens

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IgD

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This immunoglobulin triggers initial B cell activation

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NEUTRALIZE certain viral particles and bacterial toxins

AGGLUTINATE many bacterial cells

PRECIPITATE most soluble antigens

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Functions of antigen-binding sites of IgG and IgA

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COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION

OPSONIZATION

NK CELLS ACTIVATION

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Three important actions of innate immunity that is optimized by Fc regions of antibodies

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Complement system

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Antibody-antigen complexes containing IgG and IgM activates 20 plasma proteins of this system

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Specific complement components bind and rupture membrane of invading cells

Clump antigen-bearing bacteria or cells

Elicit arrival of relevant leukocytes

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What is the result of complement system activation?

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Opsonization

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This refers to the ability of receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils to recognize and bind Fc portions of antibodies attached to surface antigens of microorganisms.

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Opsonization

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This greatly increases the efficiency of phagocytosis by leukocytes at the sites of infection

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NK cells

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Primitive lymphocytes

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Perforin

Granzymes

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Substances released by NK cells to cause apoptosis of infected cells