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54 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Define immunology. |
The study of the body's defence against infection. |
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What are the 5 functions if the immune system? |
1. Detects infections' presence 2. Contains/eliminates infection 3. Regulates immune system 4. Memory 5. Immune-complex Disposal |
1. Immunological recognition 2. Communication & eliminate infection 3. Regulation 4. Faster response 2nd time 5. Viruses |
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List some pathogens. |
1. DNA virus 2. Bacteria 3. Protozoa 4. Worms 5. Fungi 6. RNA virus |
1. D 2. B 3. P 4. Helminth 5. F 6. R |
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List some areas that are susceptible to infection. |
1. Urogenital Tract 2. Gastrointestinal Tract 3. Respiratory Tract 4. Skin: wounds and bites |
1. Wee 2. Stomach 3. Lungs 4. Flesh |
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What is Innate (natural/native) Immunity? It is... Triggers... |
1. The first line of defence 2. Non-specific for pathogens and fixed (same response) 3. The adaptive immune system |
1. 1st 2. Specificity & fixed response 3. Other system? |
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What is the Adaptive Immune (acquired/specific) system? It includes... |
1. 2nd and slower response to invasion. 2. Cells and molecules that are specific for a particular pathogen. |
1. Response to 2. Specificity? |
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What is the role of the Adaptive Immune system's memory cells? |
1. It improves the body's response with subsequent challenges. 2. Triggers the innate immune response |
1. Vaccination 2. Triggers |
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What are the differences between the Innate and Adaptive Immune systems? |
1. I: fast & A: slow 2. I: non-specific & A: specific 3. I: fixed & A: responsive |
1. Speed 2. Specificity for the pathogen? 3. Same response or different? |
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What are the 4 Innate Defences? |
1. Inflammatory barriers 2. Phagocytic barriers 3. Physiological barriers 4. Anatomical barriers |
1. Rubor, Calor, Dolor, Tumor 2. WBC 3. Temperature, pH, chemicals & complements 4. Skin and Mucous membranes |
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Define inflammation. |
A localised physical condition in which a part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot and painful. (A reaction to injury/infection) |
Redness That Doesn't Cease + Loss of function |
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What are the 4 roles of the Complement System? |
1. Lysis of cells 2. Opsonisation 3. Activation of inflammatory response 4. Clearance of immune complexes |
1. Rupture of cell wall/membrane. 2. Make more susceptible to phagocytosis 3. I response 4. I complexes |
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What is the function of Anaphylotoxins and how are they produce? |
1. They release histamines & other mediators of hypersensitivity from basophils & mast cells. 2. They're produced by complement activation |
1. Lead to anaphylaxis 2. Type of protein |
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Define Anaphylaxis. |
An acute allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive to. |
E.g. A bee sting Without IgE involvement |
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What are involved in the Adaptive Immune system's Humoral and Cell-mediated Responses? |
1. H: B-lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, memory cells & antibodies. 2. C: T-lymphocytes, T-helper cells, Cytotoxic T cells |
1. Humoral response: relating to body fluids (lymph, plasma, blood) 2. Cell mediated loves T |
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What are the functions of Immunoglobulins? |
1. Bind to pathogen's antigen 2. Recruits innate immune system 3. Activates Complement System 4. Guards susceptible sites |
1. Bind to? 2. I I system 3. Comp 4. Guards |
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What are some susceptible sites? |
1. Epithelial surfaces 2. Foetus 3. Mast cell activation |
1. Epi 2. Baby 3. Mast |
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What is Cell-mediated Immunity? |
1. Immune Response that doesn't involve antibiotics or antibodies. 2. It involves activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes & cytokine release. |
Ant? Fag? T? Cytokine? 1. What doesn't it involve? 2. Response to antigen |
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What is Humoral immunity? |
Immunity mediated by macromolecules: Antibody production, Th2 activation, cytokine production, germinal centre formation, memory cell generation, pathogen neutralisation, complement activation, opsonin phagocytosis. |
Ant? Cytokine? Secondary lymphoid organs? Mem? Path? Comp? Opson? |
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What are the initiators of Inflammation? |
1. Cytokines 2. Chemokines |
1. Any protein secreted by cells & affect the behaviour of other nearby cells with appropriate receptors. 2. Secreted proteins attracting cells out of the bloodstream into affected tissue, with appropriate receptors. |
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What are the steps of Inflammation? |
1. Macrophage spots bacteria. 2. The endothelium becomes leaky. 3. Leukocytes, complement proteins & antibodies leak out of the blood vessel. 4. Antibodies & complement proteins bind to bacterium. |
1. It then releases cytokines. 2. Leukocytes (WBCs) stick to the endothelium. 3. Leaking out of blood vessel 4. Bind to bacterium |
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What are the 5 kinds of cells that make up the Innate Immune System? |
1. Phagocytes 2. Natural Killer Cells 3. Eosinophils 4. Basophils 5. Mast Cells |
1. Engulf and digest 2. Kill virus-infected cells 3. Help against Helminth 4. Least common & Secrete histamine n stuff 5. Formation of cytokines & eicosanoids |
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What are the 3 protein classes that make up the Innate Immune System? |
1. Complement proteins 2. Interferons 3. Acute Phase Proteins |
1. C 2. I 3. Acute |
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Name the main phagocytes. |
1. Neutrophils 2. Macrophages |
1. Most common WBC, destroys with highly reactive oxygen & nitrogen. 2. Microglia in brain, Kupffer cells in liver, Mesangial cells in kidneys. |
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What is the function of Neutrophils? (Outline the journey) |
They pass from the blood to the intercellular space via diapedesis & phagocytose pathogenic bacteria. |
From where to where? Name of a process. Action? |
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What is the function of a macrophage? Development? |
1. Detects, engulfs and destroys pathogens and apoptotic cells via phagocytosis. 2. Start as Monocytes in the bone marrow, differentiating after migration |
Also phagocytoses particulate matter from lymph nodes. Note: They live longer than neutrophils (48hrs vs years) and can present MHC to T-lymphocytes. |
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What is the function of Natural Killer Cells? |
Triggers apoptosis in virus-infected cells before the virus has had time to replicate & infect neighbouring cells. |
NKC are large granular lymphocytes. |
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What's the difference between Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells? |
NKC don't need prior sensitization and they mature in the secondary lymphoid tissue. |
Sensitization and maturation |
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What is a Major Histo-compatibility Complex (MHC)? Function? |
1. The Cell surface markers of Host Cells. 2. Allows Immune-System cells to distinguish between host cells and invading pathogens. |
Markers for distinguishing |
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Where is Interferon Type I secreted and what is its function? |
1. Secreted into EC fluid when a cell is infected by a virus 2. Prevents spread by reducing mRNA translation rate in neighbouring cells |
1. Extracellular 2. Spread |
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Where is Interferon Type II secreted and what is its function? |
1. Secreted by activated NKC & certain T-cells 2. Activates Macrophages |
1. Bond & tea 2. Microwave |
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What is the function of an Eosinophil? |
Secretes perforins, peroxidases and Phospholipase D to combat Helminth (worm) infections and parasites. |
Combats threats that are too large to phagocytose. Note: Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin kills nerve cells in invading parasites. |
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What is the function of Mast Cells? |
1. Activation leads to cytokines & eicosanoid formation which recruits eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes. 2. Release histamine in acute inflammation. |
Prostaglandin and related compounds are known as eicosanoids. Think of it as a seeker on the mast of a ship! |
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What are Mast Cells activated by? |
1. Direct Injury 2. IgE 3. Complements C3a & C5a for degranulation |
1. Fracture is an example of... 2. Immunoglobulin 3. Comp for... |
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What is the function of a Basophil? Also it promotes... |
1. Basophils secrete histamine & leukotriene C4, attracting Eosinophils and Neutrophils. 2. The development of naive T-cells into T-helper cells. |
1. leukotriene is a metabolite of Arachidonic Acid. 2. Naive to helpers |
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What are Basophils stimulated by? |
1. Cytokines 2. IgE 3. Proteases 4. Antigens associated with parasites |
1. Communication molecules 2. Immunoglobulin 3. Protein enzymes 4. Ant par |
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Cells of the Adaptive/Acquired Immune system are... |
Lymphocytes |
Lymphoid |
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Define Primary Lymphoid Tissue. |
The tissue where lymphocytes nature. |
I.e. Bone marrow and the Thymus; b/t-lymphocytes |
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Secondary Lymphoid Tissue is... |
The Lymph nodes, Spleen and other Lymphoid Tissue. |
This is where lymphocytes chill! |
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What are the 2 lymphocyte classes, where do they mature and what are their functions? |
1. B-Cells: Bone marrow; secrete antibodies 2. T-Cells: Mature in Thymus gland; secrete cytokines, Cytotoxic substances or both. |
1. Think of letters, 2. Killer/communicator |
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How do lymphocytes respond to a pathogenic antigen? |
By proliferating via mitosis to produce many clones. |
Note: individual lymphocytes respond only to one antigen when it binds to their plasma membrane |
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What is the general functions of antibodies? |
1. Bind to an antigen 2. To elicit a response: removal of antigen from the body |
1. Bind to... 2. Removal of... |
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Some cells continue to proliferate and carry out their function, others... |
Remain in Lymphoid Tissue as memory cells. They are able to respond to the same antigen quickly. |
Memory |
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What is immunological surveillance? |
Lymphocytes continuously circulate throughout tissue. |
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What is the typical journey of a lymphocyte? How do lymphocytes pass into Efferent Lymphatic? |
1. Lymph Node; Efferent Lymphatic; Thoracic Duct; Blood (through tissue n back to node) 2. Afferent Lymphatic Vessels or directly from postcapillary venules. |
1. Node; Blood 2. Afferent and venules |
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Outline Diapedesis. |
1. Cells adhere to the cell's blood vessel's wall. 2. Then they flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells and move into surrounding tissue. |
1. Action of cytokine, selectin and Integrin 2. Happens in neutrophils and lymphocytes |
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What is a plasma cell? Function? |
1. An activated B-lymphocyte with expanded cytoplasm & ribosome amount. 2. The site of antibody production |
1. B-cell 2. Same specificity as receptor |
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Describe the general components of antibody structure. (2x light and heavy chains, using Greek alphabet) |
1. Fab: highly variable region permitting antibody to bind to one particular antigen. 2. Fc: recognises particles that have been coated by antibodies 3. Fab & Fc are linked via hinge region. |
1. Fragment Antigen Region 2. Fragment Crystallisable 3. F: Flexible, attachment separates antigens on microbe's surface. |
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What is the location and structure of IgA? |
1. Saliva, bile and Colostrum 2. A dimer when secreted, has a J-bond connect the 2 Y-monomers together. |
1. Spit, alkaline and 1st week of milk. 2. 2x light chain & 2x alpha heavy chain |
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What is the function of IgD? Structure? |
1. A cell surface receptor on B-cells when migrating to secondary lymphoid tissue. 2. 2x light and delta heavy chains |
1. B-cell's activation though not fully understood 2. Delta |
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What is the function and structure of IgG? |
1. Agluttination, insinuation of pathogens and activated classical pathway of complement system. 2. 2x light and gamma heavy chains |
1. Created and released by plasma cells, therefore mostly on secondary immune response. 2. The most abundant in plasma. 3. Small enough to pass into the placenta |
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What is the function and structure of IgM? |
1. Activates Complements. Also, it forms part of B-Cell's receptor with D1. 2. In blood it has a pentamer shape with 4 disulphide and 1 J-bond |
1. Comp and receptor 2. 2x light and Mew heavy chains |
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What is the function and structure of IgE? |
1. Binds to Fc receptors of Basophil and Mast calls for inflammatory response. 2. 2x light and epsilon heavy chain |
1. Especially important in worm/Helminth combat |
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How can you deduce the heavy chain type of Immunoglobulins? |
The last letter has a Greek equivalent. |
IgA is Alpha, d is Delta, g is Gamma, m is Mew, e is Epsilon |
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Define Plasma Cell |
A fully differentiated B-lymphocyte which produces a single type of antibody. |
Committed |