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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy
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the study of the structure of the body (dissect)
ie. heart looks like, made of, organized, located |
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Physiology
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describes how the body works or functions
ie. how the heart pumps and why |
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Body's Levels of Organization
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-From simple to complex
-Major organ systems (12) -Homeostasis |
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Simple to complex
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1. Atoms
2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ systems 7. Organism |
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Major organ systems (12)
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1. Integumentary system
2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Heart and circulatory system |
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Major organ systems (12)
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7. Lymphatic system
8. Immune system 9. Respiratory system 10. Digestive system 11. Urinary system 12. Reproductive systems |
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Pathophysiology
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decribes the consequenses of improper functioning of the body parts.
-how a body part functions when a person has a disease |
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integumentary system
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skin and related structures
-covering for body -regulate body temperature -sensation ie. hair and nails |
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skeletal system
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basic framework of the body
-bones, joints, cartilage -protects and supports organs |
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muscular system
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3 types of muscles
-skeletal muscles attach to bones and move skeleton |
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nervous system
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made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs
-sensory nerves recieve info, bring to spinal cord and brain and interprets |
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endocrine system
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contains numerous glands that secrete hormones and chemicals to regulate body activities
ie. growth, reproduction, metabolism, water balance |
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circulatory system
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pumps (heart) and transports (vessels) blood throughout the body
ie.blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells -carries waste away to organs of excretion |
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lymphatic system
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fluid balance and the defense of the body against pathogens and foreign material
ie. lympth nodes, vessels, lymph, lymph organs |
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immune system
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elaborate defense system that protects from allergens (pollen and cancer cells (cells gone awry)
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respiratory system
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contains the lungs and other structures that conduct air to and from the lungs
-oxygen in -carbon dioxide out |
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digestive system
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compromised of organs designed to ingest food and break it down
ie. food not absorbed elminated as waste |
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urinary system
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helps control water and electrolyte balance in the body
ie. kidneys and other structures that help |
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reproductive system
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made up of organs and structures that enable humans to reduce
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homeostasis
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staying the same
-the bodies ability to maintain stable internal environment 98.6* |
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homeostatic mechanisms
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mechanisms to help maintain a stable internal environment
-temperature control -blood sugar and pressure -water balance -plasma sodium levels |
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homeostatic imbalance
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disease or disfunction of internal environment
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anatomical position
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body standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward
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superior
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a part is above another part or is closer to the head
ie. head superior to chest |
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inferior
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a part is located below another part or is closer to the feet
ie. chest is inferior to the head |
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anterior
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toward the front surface
-belly surface |
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posterior
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toward the back surface
-rear side |
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ventral
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another name for anterior (front)
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dorsal
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another name for posterior (back)
ie. dorsal fin of fish |
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medial
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toward the middle line of body
-dividing it right and left |
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lateral
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away from the middle line of body
ie. ears are lateral to nose |
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proximal
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structure is nearer to the point of attachment (trunk of the body)
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distal
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a part is further away from the point of attachment
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superficial
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a part is located on or near the surface of the body
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deep
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the body part is away from the surface of the body
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central
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part is located in the center
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peripheral
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away from the center (extending towards the limbs
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sagittal plane
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divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions
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frontal plane
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divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions
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coronal plane
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coronal means crown
imaginary line made across the part of the head where a crown would sit and downward through body -also called frontal |
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traverse plane
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divides the body horizontally, creating and upper (superior) and lower (inferior) body
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abdominal
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anterior trunk just below ribs
-anterior |
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antecubital
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area in front of the elbow
-anterior |
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axillary
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armpit
-anterior |
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brachial
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arm
-anterior |
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buccal
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cheek area
-cavity between gum and cheek -anterior |
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cephalic
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head
-anterior |
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cervical
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neck
-anterior |
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cranial
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nearer to the head
-anterior |
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digital
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fingers and toes
-anterior |
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femoral
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thigh area
-anterior |
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flank
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fleshy area along each side between the lower ribs and the top of hip bone
-anterior |
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inguinal
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where the thigh meets the trunk of the body
-groin -anterior |
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oral
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mouth
-anterior |
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orbital
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around the eye
-anterior |
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patellar
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front of the knee over kneecap
-anterior |
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pedal
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foot
-anterior |
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plantar
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sole of the foot
-anterior |
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pubic
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genital area
-anterior |
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sternal
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middle of chest
-over breastbone -anterior |
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umbilical
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navel
-anterior |
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caudal
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near to lower region of the spinal column
-tailbone -posterior |
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deltoid
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rounded area of the shoulder closest to upper arm
-posterior |
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gluteal
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buttocks
-posterior |
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lumbar
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area of back between ribs and hips
-posterior |
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occipital
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back of the head
-posterior |
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popliteal
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behind, or back of, the knee area
-posterior |
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scapular
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shoulder blade
-posterior |
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viscera
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organs located within the cavities of the body
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dorsal cavity
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located toward the back of the body
-two divisions: cranial and spinal (vertabral) |
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cranial cavity
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located within skull and contains the brain
-in dorsal cavity |
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spinal cavity
(vertabral) |
extends downward from cranial cavity
-surrounded by vertebrae -contains spinal cord -in dorsal cavity |
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ventral cavity
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toward the front of the body
-two divisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic |
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thoracic cavity
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located in diaphragm and surrounded by ribcage
-lungs occupy most of this space -two compartments: mediastinum and pericardial |
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mediastinum
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space that contains heart, esophagus, trachea,thymus gland, blood vessels attached to heart
-in thoracic cavity |
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pericardial
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located within mediastinum
-contains heart -in thoracic cavity |
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pleural cavity
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right and left lungs are located on either side of mediastinum in this cavity
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abdominopelvic cavity
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below the diaphragm
-two portions: abdominal and pelvic -4 quadrants, 9 regions |
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abdominal cavity
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contains stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys
-upper portion of abdominopelvic cavity |
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pelvic cavity
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contains the remainder of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive parts
-extends downward from the level of the hips |
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quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
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***like looking in mirror- opposite then normal L or R***
right upper -RUQ left upper- LUQ right lower- RLQ left lower- LLQ |
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central regions (3)
abdominopelvic cavity |
epigastric- below breastbone
umbilical- centermost, navel hypogastric- below navel |
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epigastric
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below breastbone
epi- upon gastric- stomach -central abdominopelvic cavity |
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umbilical
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belly button, navel
-centermost abdominopelvic |
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hypogastric
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below umbilical
hypo- below gastric- stomach -lowest center abdominopelvic |
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hypo
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below
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epi
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upon
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outer regions (6)
abdominopelvic cavity |
hypochondriac- ribs right/left
lumbar- outer middle right/left iliac- outer lower right left |
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hypochrondriac regions
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below the cartilage
hypo- below chondro- cartilage -upper outer abdominopelvic left and right |
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lumbar regions
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outer middle abdominopelvic
left and right |
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iliac regions
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lower outer abdominopelvic
left and right -also called inguinal regions |
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cavities in head
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oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear
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