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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vectors (Must Have ALL 4)
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Air, Water, Soil, Food
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Methods of Exposure (3)
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Inhalation, Ingestion, Dermal Absorption
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Toxicodynamics
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Effect of Toxicant on Body
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Toxicokinetics
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How the Body handles the Toxicant
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4 Stages of Toxicokinetics
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Absorbtion, Distribution, Biotransformation, Excretion
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Name 2 Major Environmental Health Events and what were they?
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• London & Donora (Air pollution)
• Minamata Bay, Japan (Methyl mercury poisoning) • Iraq (Bread contamination) • Seveso, Italy (TCDD leak) • Bhopal (Pesticide release) • Chernobyl (Nuclear reactor accident) • Milwaukee (Contamination of drinking water) • Gulf (Oil spill) • Fukushima (Nuclear reactor accident) |
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"All Waters be fishable and swimmable" - Name the legislation.
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Clean Water Act
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Who regulates personal water wells?
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No gov entity. Private homeowners
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CERCLA was also known as what?
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Superfund
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Name 3 characteristics that make diseases hard to identify.
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• Latency
• Multi-factorial etiology • Disease non-specificity • Individual characteristics • Changes in response with changing dose • Mixed exposures |
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3 Steps of Risk Analysis
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Risk Assessment, Risk Management, Risk Communication
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Risk Assessment (3 Parts)
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Hazard ID, Dose-Response, Exposure Assessment
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Define Risk Management
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How to incorporate social and political factors
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Define Risk Communication
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How to Communicate to the public
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What is the largest source for air pollutants?
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Transportation
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True of False? Threshold is theoretical
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True.
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HAPs
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Hazardous Air Pollutants (Carcinogenic, NO Threshold, Limited/ point sources)
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CAPs
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Criteria Air Pollutants (Non Carcinogenic, Has threshold, Ubiquitous) Ex. PM, SO2, NO2, Ozone
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Who are most prone to air pollution/ illnesses associated with environmental effects?
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Susceptible Populations
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Who are Susceptible Populations?
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• Asthmatics
• Children • Elderly • Those who have acute/chronic respiratory illnesses • Women and children in developing countries |
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Primary Pollutants
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Directly emitted into the air (SO2, NO2, CO)
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Secondary Pollutants
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Formed in air through reactions (O3, Acid Rain)
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ETS
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke
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Sick Building Syndrome vs Building Related Illness
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• Building related illness
– Can be traced to specific source (traceable etiology) – Symptoms include cough, chest tightness, fever, chills, muscle aches, or more serious outcomes • Sick building syndrome – Cannot be traced to specific source – Symptoms include nausea, fatigue, dizziness, concentration problems, headache, skin irritation, respiratory tract irritation • Symptoms diminish/cease when leave the building |
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Name 2 Strategies to Control Indoor Air Pollution
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Ventilation, Source Removal, Source Modification, Air Cleaning, Education
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What does the FDA regulate?
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All domestic and imported food sold in interstate commerce, including shell eggs, but not meat and poultry, Bottled water
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What does the USDA regulate?
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All domestic imported meat and poultry and related products, processed egg products (not shell eggs)
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Outbreak
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2 or more persons experiencing a foodborne disease, identified by CDC
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Melamine (Source and Health Effects)
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Source: gluten (protein) for cheap thickener & meat
substitute Health effects: renal failure |
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Aflatoxin (Source and Health Effects)
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CARCINOGENIC
– Source: mold found in grain (peanuts, corn) – Health effects: lethal to animals at high levels, immunotoxic to humans |
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Acrylamide (Source and Health Effects)
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– Source: potato starch – french fries & potato chips have
the highest concentration due to high temperatures – Health effects: carcinogenic |
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Sodium nitrite (Source and Health Effect)
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– Source: used for curing meat
– Health effect: reacts with hemoglobin (Blue Men) |
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Microbial Growth Factors (Name 2)
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• Nutrient availability
•Moisture content (water activity - higher promotes microbial growth; highest levels are in fresh fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, bread) • Oxygen reduction potential • Temperature (cold temperatures – increases storage life) • pH (some microbes have a wide range of pH that it can thrive in, such as staph) |
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Causes of Foodborne Outbreak (Name 2)
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• Improper holding temperature • Poor personal hygiene
• Inadequate cooking • Contaminated equipment • Food from unsafe sources • Use of leftovers • Cross contamination |
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Hypersensitivity
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An exaggerated response to a specific dose; increased susceptibility
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Ionizing Radiation
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radiation with sufficient energy to eject electrons from atoms
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Non-ionizing radiation
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radiation without sufficient energy to eject electrons from atoms
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Electromagnetic radiation
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have no mass and no charge
Examples: UV, visible light, x-rays, EMFs • IONIZING: x-rays, gamma-rays • NON-IONIZING: ELFs, microwaves, UV light |
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Particulate radiation
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have mass and charge
Examples: alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons • IONIZING: alphas, betas |
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Name 1 Source of Natural Radiation
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Sun (UV Rays), Soil (Radon)
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Name 1 Source of Man-Made Radiation
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Medical Devices, Consumer Products, Fallout from Nuke Bombs
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External Radiation vs Internal Radiation
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Radiation Outside vs Internal, External includes xrays, gamma rays while internal contains alpha, beta particles
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Deterministic Radiation (Function of Dose, Examples)
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Severity is a function of Dose
HAS threshold Examples: Chernobyl, Sun Burn |
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Random Radiation (Function of Dose, Examples)
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Risk is a function of Dose
No Threshold Effects are delayed Examples: Cell Phone use to Cancer |
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Risk Analysis Equation
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Risk = probability x consequences
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Risk-Risk
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Which intervention is less risky?
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3 Components of Food Security
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Availability, Access, Use
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Who is the largest user of freshwater?
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Agriculture
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What is the largest producer of greenhouse gases?
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Agriculture (Cows -> Methane)
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What is the largest producer of air pollution?
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Transportation
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Draw the Infectious Disease Model
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DO IT. How much would you bet Trush will put that on the final? 1 BILLION DOLLARS
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4 Types of Infectious Diseases
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Viral, Bacterial, Parasitic, Fungal
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Name 2 Pathogen Characteristics that influence Infectious disease transmission
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• Physical structure
• Survival/growth in environment • Lifecycle characteristics • Antigen (structures that induce immune response) • Host |
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Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
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• Innate immunity: natural defenses against pathogens
– Body knows how to do: inflammation, puss • Adaptive immunity: immune responses that mature after exposure to an agent (vaccination) – Body does: t-cells and b-cells |
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Epidemic
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Epidemic: occurrence of disease among human communities in EXCESS of that which is expected
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Pandemic
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Global Epidemic
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Epizootic
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Epizootic: occurrence of disease among ANIMAL communities in
excess of that which is normally expected |
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Endemic
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occurrence of disease among human community at a level that is generally STABLE over time
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Hypoendemicity
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areas of little transmission
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Mesoendemicity
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areas of variable transmission (depends on local
circumstances) |
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Hyperendemicity
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intense but seasonal transmission (immune response lacking in some age groups)
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Holoendemicity
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intense but perennial transmission (high immune response in all age groups)
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4 Components of an Outbreak
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• Incubation period: period of time after exposure to an agent before disease manifests
• Epidemic curve: plot of cases of disease by time of onset • Attack rate: incidence of disease over the course of an outbreak • Case-fatality rate: proportion of fatal cases of a disease to those diagnosed with the disease (%) |
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Draw an Epidemic Curve
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DO IT
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What is the most common life threatening infection?
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MALARIA
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What is one of the most commonly identified antibiotic resistant pathogens globally?
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MRSA
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In what type of environment does Cholera survive and grow in?
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Aquatic (attracted to salinity)
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Built Environment
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Where people live, work, play, study
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Community Design - Factors to Take Into Account (Name 3)
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– Density
– Mixed land use – Activity Centers – Housing diversity – Placement of food stores, medical clinics, essential services – Maintenance – Law enforcement – Greenery – Healthy transportation policy (public transportation, bikes) – Walking |
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Housing Disparities (Name 2)
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• Shortage of affordable housing
• Substandard housing(holeinroof,broken windows, crumbling foundation, rats) • Cancontributetopsychosocialstress – Crowding – Poor quality housing – Inadequate access to healthy food & recreational opportunities – Family turmoil and violence • Canleadtoadversehealthoutcomes – Asthma – Lead poisoning – Lung cancer |
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Healthy Home Steps (Name 3)
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KEEP YOUR HOME:
1. Dry 2. Clean 3. Pest-free 4. Safe 5. Contaminant free 6. Ventilated 7. Maintained |
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Name 2 Components of a Livable Future
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• Meeting human needs for now and the future
• Minimizing use of non-renewable resources • Sustainable use of renewable resources • Keeping within absorptive capacity of local and global sinks for waste |
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Carrying capacity
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the maximum number of organisms that a habitat can support and sustain without degrading the environment
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Overpopulation
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when the carrying capacity is exceeded, resulting in a degradation of the environment followed by a population decline
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Sustainable development
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development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Environmental Impact Model (IPAT)
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Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
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Three P's
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Population, Pollution, Poverty
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environmental risk transition
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Changes in environmental risks that happen as a consequence of economic development in the less developed regions of the world
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