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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hormone
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chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on certain cells or organs in the body. They are released into the blood stream and carried throughout the body. They regulate metabolism, behavior, and reproduction.
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target cell
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cells that are acted on by hormones
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receptor
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a specialized cell or part of a neuron that respond to a sensory stimuli and converts t to an electicle signal
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What is the difference btw the endocrine and nervous system?
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-the endocrine system secretes hormones that are carried in body fluids, but the nervous sytem transmits nere impulses on nerve fibes
-the endocrine system causes changes in metabolic actvtivities of target tissues, but the ervous system causes muscles to contract or glands to secrete. -endocrine-effects are relatively slow....Nervous-effects are relatively rapid -endocrine-effects are generally prolonged...nervous-effects are generally breif |
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what are the 6 endocrine glands in the human body?
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pituitary
thyroid parathyroid adrenal pineal |
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what organs and tissues are not exclusively endocrine, but secrete hormones?
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stomach-secretes gastrin(stimulates digestive activity)
small intestine-secretes secretein and cholecystoknin(CCK) Kidneys-erythropoietin Heart-atrial natriuretic peptide Placenta-estrogen, progesterone, hCG |
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differentiate btw endocrine and exocrine
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endocrine-secrete their products into the bloodstream, and are ductless
exocrine-secrete there products through ducts |
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whare does a hormone attach? What does it affect?
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it attaches to receptors in the plasma membrane, and once attached to the cell, the hormone affects cell activities, regulating the manufacture of proteins, changing permeablity of the membrane, or affecting metabolic reactions
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What happens in the presence of excess hormones? What is this called
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the number of receptors decrease, and it is called down-regulation, and target cells become less sensitive to the hormone.
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What us up-regulation?
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the number of receptors increses in the presence of hormonal deficiency. Target cells become more sensitive to the hormone.
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What are circulating hormones?
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hormones that pass from secretory cells into intersticial fluid and into the blodostream.
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What are local hormones?
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Hormones that act locally on neighbouring cells, or on thesame cells that secreted them without entering the bloodstream.
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What are the categories of chemical hormones based on solubility?
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1. lipid soluble hormones
2. water-soluble hormones |
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Describe lipid-soluble hormones?
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Includes steroids, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide
-bind to transport protiens for transport in blood. -receptors are found inside target cells -affect cell function by altering gene expression. |
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Describe water soluble horones.
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Includes amine hormones(altered amino acids), peptid hormones(amino acid chainds), eicosanoids(fatty acid derivative)
-examples: melationin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ADH, oxytocin, hgh, and insulin |
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what are amine hormones?
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altered amino acids-simple
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what are peptid hormones?
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amino acid chains
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what are eicosanoids?
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fatty acid derivative
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what do water-soluble hormones do?
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circulate in blood plasma in a free form-not attached to other molecules
-receptors are on the outer surface of the target cell membrane. -alters cell function through the production of enzymes within a cell |
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Wheat are 3 organic compounds?
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steroid, protien, and amine
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what is the precurser(base hormone), and and example of a steroid.
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cholesterol is the precurser, and some examples are sex hormones, and some hormones of the adrenal cortex
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what is the precurser for protien, and what are some examples of protiens?
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the precursor is amino acids, and an example is pituiraty hormones, and parathyroid hormones
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what is the precursor for amine?, what are examples of amine?
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amino acids are the precursor for amine, and some examples are hormones of the adrenal medulla
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what factors regulate hormone secretion?
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1. signals from the nervous system
2. chemical changes in the blood 3. other hormones |
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what is a negative feedback system?
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Reverses the change in a controlled condition.
Glands are sensitive to the concentraion of the substances that regulate it, and when the consentration reaches a certain level, it inhibits the gland production. As the gland secretes less hormone, the controlled substance also decreases. |
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What is a postitive feedback system?
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strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition.A gland is stimulated to increase its rate of secretion by a substance that it causes to be producted. An example is oxytocin which stimulates uterine contractions, and in turn stimulate more oxytocin release. These type of systems are uncommon in hormonal regulation
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What are releaseing hormones?
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hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that are released in response to other hormones.
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Where is the hypothalamus located?
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it is part of the diencephalon inferior to the thalamus.
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what does the hypothalamus do?
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it is an integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic nervous system
-it helps control some endocrine glands by neural and hormonal pathways -it's cells synthesize 9 different hormones. |
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What is the pituitary gland?
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a small pea-shaped gland located deep within the brain and is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
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what is the infundibulum?
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a stalk that attached the hypothalamus to the pituitary
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what is the sella turcica?
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a bony cup suspended by the indundibulum
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What is the general function of the pituiraty gland?
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often called the master gland becase it releases hormones that control the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus.
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describe the hypothalamus
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small part of the diencephalo, inferior to the thalamus. Compoese of 12 nuclei.
-integrative center for the endocrine and the autonomic nervous system -helps control some endocrine glands by neural and hormonal pathways -cells within synthesize 9 different hormones |
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What are the lobes of the pituiraty?
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anterior pituitary, and posterior pituitary.
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what is the hypophyseal portal system?
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releasing hormones regulate pituiraty hormones, and these releaseing hormones are sent to the anterior pituiraty via a special circulatory pathway called a hypophyseal portal system.
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What are the 7 hormoes of the anterior pituitary?
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(LAMP THL)
Lutinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone melanocyte-stimulating hormone prolactin thyroid stimulating hormone human growth hormone |
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Explain HGH
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human growth hormone(somatotrophin)-stimulates tissues to secrete growth factors
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explain TSH
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thyroid stimulating hormone(thyrotropin)-congrols the secreteions and activities of the thyroid gland
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explain PRL
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prolactin-stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
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explain melanocyte stimulating hormone
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MSH-role not fully understood-may influence brain activity
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Explain ACTH
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adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimultaes the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids, especially cortisol
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explain FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone-stimulates the ovaries to secrete estropgen and initieates the developmet of oocytes. Stimulates the testes to produce sperm
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Explain LH
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lutinizing hormone-stimulation ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum.
-Stimulaties the ovaries to secrete estrogen and progesterone -stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. |
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what is a trophin?
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hormone that incluiences another gland
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t/f the posterior pituitary does not synthesize hormones?
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True
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Name and explain the hormones that the posterior pituitary stores and releases?
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Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)(vasopressin):
1)stimulates H20 retention by incresing H20 reabsorbtion in the kidneys, and decreasing secretory activity in sweat glands. 2)increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles and decreasing H20 losses. Oxytocin/OT 1)enhances uterine contractions which aids in delivery of fetus and placenta 2)stiulates milk letdown from breasts due to stimulation by suckling 3)partially responsible for sexual pleasure durng intercourse. |
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be able t the to draw the chart of hormone stimulation
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i'm serious...do it or die!
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What is the largest of the endocrine glands?
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the thyroid gland
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where is the thyroid gland located?
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in the neck, anterior to the trachea, and inferior to the larynx
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what is the isthmus?
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a bridge of tissue that connnects the 2 lobes of the thyroid
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T/F they thyroid gland is highly vascluar?
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true
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what is the only gland that stores large quantities of its own products?
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the thyroid gland
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what hormoes does the thyroid gland produce?
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thyroxin, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
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what are the effects of the thyroid hormones?
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1)increased metabolic rate
2)produce calorigenic effect(increased body temp, increased use of ATP. 3)enhance some actions of catecholamines 4)regulate metabolism by: -stimulating protein synthesis -increasing glucose and fatty acid use -increasing lipolysis and cholesterol excretion 5)accelerate body growth, especially in nervous and skeletal systems. |
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What is the release of thyroid hormones stimulated by?
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low BMR(basil metabolic rate) or low lood levels of T3 and T4
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What does elevated T3 inhibit?
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the release of TRH and TSH
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What does calcitonin do?
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-decreases blood calcium and phosphate levels(inhibits the actions of oseteoclasts)
-accelerates uptake of Ca and phosphate into bone matrix -is controlled by negative feedback system |
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What are parathyroid glands?
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-comprised of 4 round masses
-located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland-embedded in the capsule -there is generally 1 superior and 1 inferior gland for each lobe of the thyroid |
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What is the role of PTH?
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regulates blood calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels by:
-increasing osteoclast numbers -controlling secretion and rebsorption in the kidneys |
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summarize calcium metabolism
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-PTH promotes the release of calcium from bone tissue, icreasing the amount of calcium circulating in the blood streem.
-PTH causes the kidney to retain calcium -Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, and lowers the amount of Ca circulating in th-active form of vitamin D, called calcitriol, icreases absorption of Ca by the intestines thus raising blood Ca levels. |
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describe adrenal glands
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small pyramidal shaped glands located above each kidney.
-they have a cortex, and medulla |
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what do the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete?
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epinephrine, and norepinephrine
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when are epinephrine, and norepinephrine released in the adrenal medualla?
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in response to stimulation by the sympathetic branch or ANS
-HOrmonal release occurs quickly due to ANS control |
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How do epinephrine and norepinephrine start the fight or flight response?
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-incresing HR
-Increase BP -Dialating bronchioles through relaxation of smooth muscles in the airways -increasing blood flow to the main organs -promotoes conversion of glycogen to glucose, and fats into fatty acids |
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What are the three groups of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?
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mineralcorticoids-affect mineral homeostasis
glucocorticoids-affects glucose homeostasis androgens-affect secondary sex characteristics |
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What stimulates the release of mineralcorticoids?
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increased levels of angiotensin 2
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what is the major mineralcoirticoid?
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aldosterone
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waht do mineral corticoids do?
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-promote the exretion of hydrogen ions helping to regulate blood pH
-adjust BP and blood volume -control reabsorbtion in the kidney tubules |
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what are some glucocorticoids?
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cortisol(95%),cortisone, corticosterone
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what is secretin controled by?
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cortisol levels trough a negative feedback system
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what causes glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex?
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low cortisol stimulates release of corticotropn-releaseing hormone(CRH) from hpothalamus. CRH and low cortisol stimulate secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, which causes glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal cortex.
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What effects do glucoccorticoids exert?
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-promotes protien breakdown, wsp in muscle
-promotes glycogenesis-conversion of amino acidslactic acid into glucose -promotes lipolysis-breakdown of adipose tissue and triglycerides into fatty acids -aids in the body responding to stressors -suppresses inflammatory response by inhibiting WBC action |
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What is the main androgen?
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dehydropiandrosterone
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what do androgens do
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promote the develoment of secondary sex characterististics and contributes to prepubertal growth spirts in both sexes
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After puberty, what effect do androgens have on females?
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-promote libido
-undergo conversion to estrogen by other tissues -provide postmenstral estrogen |
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What is the main hormone to stimulate the secretion androgens?
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ACTH
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What is the pancreas?
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an elongated coma shaped organ located in the middline of the retroperitoneal region of the abdomen. Has exocrine and endocrine tissue
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What are the pancreatic islet cell types?
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-alpha-15%- secrete glucagon
-beta-70-80% -secrete insulin -Delta-5% secrete somatostatin -F cells-secrete pancreatic polypeptide |
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What do the 4 pancreatic enzymes do?
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glucagon-raises blood glucose
insulin-lowers blood glucose -somatostatin-inhibits inulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutriens fro the GI tract -Pancreatic polypeptide-inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contractions, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes |
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What are gonads?
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organs that produce gametes
-females: ovaries-produce oocytes -males: testes-produce sperm |
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What are testes and what is the main hormone that they produce?
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2 oval glands in the scrotum that produce testosterone
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what does testosterone do?
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regulates sperm production, stiulates and maintains econdary male sex characteristics
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What are the hormones produced by the ovaries?
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estrogen and progesterone.
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what do the ovarian hormones do?
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-regulate menstrual cycle
-maintain pregnancy -prepare mammary glands for lactation -promote enlargement of hips and breasts -maintin secondary female sex characteristics |
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thymus
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lymphatic organ located in the mediastinum btw the sternum ad the aorta.
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what is the role of the thymus?
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plays an important role in the development of immunity
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what are the main hormones of the thymus? What do they do?
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thymosin, and thymopoietin-they promote maturation of WBC's know as t-lymphocytes
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what is the pineal gland?
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a small, flattened, cone-shaped structure attacheed to the roof of the third ventricle.
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what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
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melatonin which is thought to contribute to the body's biological clock
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what hormone does the stomach produce What does it do?
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gastrin-stimulates digestive activity
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What hormone does the small intestine secrete? What do they do?
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secretin and chelecystokinin-they stimulate the production of digestive juices and help regulate the process of digestion.
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What hormone do the kidneys release? What does it do?
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erythorpoietin-stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
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What hormone does the heart secrete?
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ANP(antrial natriuretic peptide)-decreased blood volume and BP in response to excessive fluid volums in the atria.
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What hormones does the placenta produce during pregnancy?
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Estrogen, progesterone, HCG(Human choronic gonadorphin)-they help maintian the preganancy and prepare mamary glands for milk production
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What are prostagladins?
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-a group of hormones made in all body tissues except RBC's
-produced, act adn are rapidly inactivated in or close to thier sites of origin -they act as local homones -play a role in promoting inflammation of the liver |
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What is the general adaptation response?
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It is controlled by the hypothalamus
-the elicited response follows a predictable sequence. The stages are: -fight or flight -resistane reaction -exhaustion |
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Explain the fight or flight response
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initiated by sympathetic branch of the ANS
-rapid, short lived response -brings huge amounts of o2 to brain, skelatal muscles, and heart -inhibits nonessential body functions of the digestive system, urinary, and reproductive systems |
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Explain the resistane reaction
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Initiated primarily by hypothalamic releasing hormones and is a longer lasting response.
-stimulates release of glucose, fatty and amino acids into the blood for ATP production -cortisol release helps reduce inflammation -helps the body to continue to fight the stressor long after fight or flight response disapates |
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Explain exhaustion
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Once the body becomes depleted, and cannot sustain the resistance stage, exhaustion follows.
-Prolonged exposure to cortisol and other hromones leads to muscle wasting, suppression of the immune system, and ulceration of the GI tract and failure of the pancreatc beta cells |
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What can loss of muscle be attributed to?
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decrease in the production of hGH
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What does decreased output of thyroid hormones lead to?
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a decrease in BMR and an ncrease in body fat
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What can lead to a loss of bone mass and osteoporosis?
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Decreased levels of clacitonin and increased PTH
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What happens when insulin release in the pancreas slows, and receptor sensitivity declines?
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blood sugars rise more quickly, and return to normal slower
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What happens with regards to estrogen and testosterone with aging?
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It decreases
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Why may endocrine disorders result?
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due to defects in the:
-glands -release of trophic or effector hormones -hormone transport -target tissue sensitivity |
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How do you end up wth a hormone disorder?
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-hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones
-hyporesponisiveness of hormone receptors -inflammation of glands -gland tumors |
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Name some characteristics of Sterioid hormones
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-bind to a receptor in the cells nucleus
-is lipid soluble -activates a gene to transcribe messenger RNA |
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Name some characteristics of an amino-acid based hormone
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-binds to a plasma membrane receptor
-acts through a second essenger such a cyclic AMP |
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Which hormone is a basal metabolic hormone?
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thyroxine
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What hormone programs T lymphocytes?
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thymosin
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What is the most importat hormone regulating the amount of calcium circulating in the blood; released when blood calcium levels drop
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parathyroid hormone
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which hormone helps to protect the body during long-term stressful situations such as extended illnes and surgery?
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cortisol, and glucocorticoids
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What is a short-term stress hormone that aids in the fight or flight response?
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epinephrine
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what is necessary if glucose is to be taken up by body cells?
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insulin
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What are four tropic hormones?
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ACTH, GH/FST, TSH, LH
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What acts antagonistically to insulin, and is produced by the same endocrine gland?
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glucagon
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What hypothalamic hormone is important in regulating water balence?
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ADH
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What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?
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FSH and LH
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What hormones directly regulate the enstral or uterine cycle?
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Estrogena and progesterone
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What is an adrenal cortex hormone involved in regulating salt levels of body fluids?
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Aldosterone
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What is necessary for milk production
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prolactin, oxytocin
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What hormone would be lacking if there was sexual immaturity?
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estrogen and testosterone
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What hormone would be lacking if there was tetany
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PTH
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What hormone would be lacking if there was Excessive urination withough high blood glucose levels, cuases dehydration and tremendous thirst
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ADH
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What hormone would be lacking if there was Goiter
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T3 and t4
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What hormone would be lacking if there was Cretanism, a type of dwarfism in which the inibidual retains childlike proportions and is mentally retarded?
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Thyroxin, triiodonine
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What hormone would be lacking if there was excessive thirst, high blod glucose lees, acidosis
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insulin
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What hormone would be lacking if there was abnormally small stature, normal proportions
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HGH
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What hormone would be lacking if there was miscarriage
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progesterone, estrogen
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What hormone would be lacking if there was lethargy, falling hair, low basal metabolic rate, obesity
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thyroxin
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what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
latern jaw, large hands and feet, acromegaly |
HGH
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what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
Bulging eyeballs, nervousness, increased pulse rate, weight loss |
TSH, T3, T4
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what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if demineralization of bones, spontaneuous fractures?
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PTH
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what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
cushings syndrome |
glucocorticoids
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what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
Abnormally large stature, arelatively normal body proportions |
GH
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what hormone would be produced in excess amounts if:
Abnormal hairiness, masculinization |
androgen
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