The Endocrine System / The Urinary System

Front 1

Characteristics of the endocrine system

Back 1

_____________ glands secrete hormones that circulate through the bloodstream. Hormones attach to receptors on cells in target organs (long term effects). "Ductless" glands vs. exocrine. Several major glands throughout the body.

Front 2

Endocrine System

Back 2

Front 3

Hormones

Back 3

Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream.

Front 4

Endocrine System

Back 4

Slow reaction to stimuli, long duration of effects, hormone chemical messenger, gland cell/modified neuron messenger producing cell, messenger, and slowly travels through bloodstream.

Front 5

Nervous System

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Fast reaction to stimuli, short duration of effects, neurotransmitter chemical messenger, neuron messenger producing cell, and quickly travels through the bloodstream across the synapse.

Front 6

Negative Feedback System

Back 6

Endocrine control system that is mostly used in the body. Operates like a thermostat, maintains homeostasis. Change in balance causes correction in opposite direction.

Front 7

Direct Nervous System

Back 7

Can control certain endocrine organs by the sympathetic nervous system. Ex. Stimulation of the adrenal gland. Can rapidly turn a system on and off.Quicker response.

Front 8

Negative Feedback System

Back 8

Front 9

Pituitary Gland

Back 9

Hans from the ventral surfce of the brain attached by a thin stalk to the hypothalamus. It is the master endocrine gland that consists of anterior and posterior parts that secrete and control different things.

Front 10

hypothalamus

Back 10

Secretion from the pituitary is controlled by the ___________.

Front 11

Pituitary Gland

Back 11

Front 12

Anterior Pituitary

Back 12

Growth hormone (GH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),

Front 13

Posterior pituitary

Back 13

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxycotin.

Front 14

Thyroid

Back 14

Bi-lobed, lateral to the larynx, and are attached loosely to outer trachea. T3 and T4 controls metabolic rate. Has calcitonin

Front 15

Calcitonin

Back 15

Decreases blood calcium

Front 16

Parathyroid

Back 16

Somewhere on or near the thyroid, usually on the cranioventral surface. Has PTH (parathyroid hormone.

Front 17

PTH

Back 17

Increases blood calcium

Front 18

Adrenal glands

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Near the cranial pole of the kidney, and is bisected by the phrenicoabdominal vein. Off the hilus. Have a cortex and medulla

Front 19

Cortex

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Area of the adrenal gland that has glucocorticoids and the mineralcorticoids. has a small amount of sex hormones.

Front 20

Glucocorticoids

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Increase blood glucose in the cortex. Stress hormone. Ex. Cortisol

Front 21

Mineralocorticoids

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Reabsorption of Na+ from urine in the cortex. Ex. aldosterone.

Front 22

Medulla

Back 22

Adrenal gland that has the epinephrine and nonepinephrine.

Front 23

Adrenal Gland

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cortex; medulla

Front 24

Pancreas

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Have an endocrine and exocrine portion. Endocrine islets within exocrine tissue. Alpha, beta, and delta cells.

Front 25

Alpha cells

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Endocrine pancreatic cell that Increases blood glucose. Glucagon

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Beta cells

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Endocrine pancreatic cell that powers blood glucose. Insulin.

Front 27

Delta cells

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Endocrine pancreatic cell that decreases the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and GH.

Front 28

Insulin

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Binds to a receptor on a cell, and the cell reacts by taking it into the cell.

Front 29

Ovaries

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Type of gonad that produces estrogens and progestins

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Testes

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Type of gonad that has androgens.

Front 31

Estrogen

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Physical and behavioral changes for breeding. Female sex characteristics. Regulate mating behaviors.

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Progestins

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Prepares the uterus for fertilized egg implantation. Ex. Progesterone. In ovaries.

Front 33

Androgens

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In testes. Comes from intersitial cells, the main one being testosterone.

Front 34

Testosterone

Back 34

Produced in the testes. An anabolic steroid that triggers development of male sex characteristics and spermatogenesis. Regulate mating behaviors.

Front 35

Pineal body

Back 35

Not a major endocrine lab. Present in lab. Has melatonin which controls the wake-sleep cycle (circadian rhythms) and mood. The third eye.

Front 36

Functions of the Urinary System

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Blood filtration to reabsorb some things and secrete/excrete waste products, fluid balance (urine volume regulation), acid-base balance to control the amount of H+ and HCO3- excreted in urine, hormone production and regulation that influences aldosterone and ADH production and release, and makes erthyeopoietin.

Front 37

Aldosterone and ADH

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Have to do with fluid balance and urine volume regulation in the urinary system.

Front 38

Erythyeopoietin

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Controls red blood cell production.

Front 39

Retroperitoneal

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Between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal muscles.

Front 40

Right kidney

Back 40

More cranial and less mobile of the kidneys.

Front 41

Gross anatomy of the urinary system

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Retroperitoneal, kidneys, uterers, urinary bladder, urethra, perirenal fat, fibrous external capsule, hilus, cortex, medulla, Calyces, pelvis,

Front 42

species

Back 42

Arrangement of medulla and pelvis varies with _____. Ex. multilobar vs. unilobar

Front 43

Perirenal fat

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Surrounds the urinary system and acts as a cushion.

Front 44

Hilus

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Medial indentation in the kidneys. Vessels, nerves, and uterers enter and exit here

Front 45

Cortex

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Renal corpuscles in the kidney.

Front 46

Medulla

Back 46

Tubules of the kidneys.

Front 47

Calyces

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Fits around the medullary rays in the kidneys to collect filtrate (urine). Funnels urine into the pelvis

Front 48

Fibrous external capsule

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Tough, dense opaque capsule tightly adhered to the kidney to protect the kidney and keep the structure in place.

Front 49

Pelvis

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Urine collection area in the kidneys that connects to the ureters.

Front 50

Kidneys in horse

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Multilobar

Front 51

Kidneys in cow

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Multilobar

Front 52

Kidneys in dog/cat

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Unilobar

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Nephron

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Smallest functional unit of the kidney that is made up of the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.

Front 54

Cow; horse

Back 54

Highest degree of kidney lobation of all species. The second is _______.

Front 55

Renal corpuscle

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consists of the glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule in a nephron.

Front 56

Loop of Henle

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Consists of a descending loop and an ascending loop in a nephron.

Front 57

Distal convoluted tube

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Drains into the collecting duct that dumps into the renal pelvis in the nephron.

Front 58

Glomerulus

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Ball of capillaries in the renal corpuscle. Capillaries leave this as the efferent arteriole.

Front 59

glomerulus

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Renal artery -> afferent arteriole -> _______________

Front 60

Efferent arterioles

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Capillaries leaving the glomerulus that branches to surround all the tubules (Peritubular capillaries). Eventually drains blood into the renal vein.Secrete and reabsorb all that is needed from urine.

Front 61

Bowman's capsule

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Surrounds glomerulus, creating a space around the capillary ball. Parietal and visceral layer

Front 62

Production of urine

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Filtration of blood, reabsorption, secretion.

Front 63

Filtration of blood

Back 63

Part of urine production. Blood under high pressure is

Front 64

Glomerular filtrate

Back 64

Find

Front 65

Reabsorption

Back 65

Find

Front 66

What gets reabsorbed during urine production

Back 66

Find

Front 67

Secretion

Back 67

Find

Front 68

Secreted waste products of urine

Back 68

Find

Front 69

Urine volume regulation

Back 69

Find

Front 70

Antidiuretic Hormone

Back 70

Find

Front 71

Aldosterone

Back 71

Find

Front 72

Ureters

Back 72

Find

Front 73

Sphincter muscle

Back 73

Find

Front 74

Urinary bladder

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Find

Front 75

Micturition

Back 75

Peeing