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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the alimentary canal?
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The canal that runs from the mouth to the anus; the places where the "food" actually "touches".
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What is an accessory organ in the digestive system?
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An organ that assists in digestion, but the food doesn't actually touch, like the liver.
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What are four examples of accessory organs in the digestive system?
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Gall bladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands.
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What are the seven main parts of the alimentary canal, in order?
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, lg. intestine, anus
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What is the interior lining of the alimentary canal called?
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The mucosa.
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What type of tissue is mucosa?
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Epithelium.
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What are the two primary functions of the mucosa?
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Function in secretion and absorption.
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What is the layer behind the mucosa?
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Submucosa.
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What four types of tissue is the submucosa made of?
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Loose connective, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves.
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What layer of the alimentary canal's lining helps propel food through it?
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Muscular layer.
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What is it called when the muscular layer in the lining of the alimentary canal propels food through it?
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Peristalsis.
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What two types of fibers compose the muscular layer of the alimentary canal?
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inner=circular fibers
outer=longitudal fibers |
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What is another name for the serosa?
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Visceral peritoneum.
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What is the function of the serosa?
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To secrete serous fluid to lubricate organs.
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What are the two major functions of the motion of peristalsis?
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To PROPEL food through the alimentary canal,and to MIX food with enzymes.
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Define peristalsis.
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Alternating contractions and relaxations of muscles that moves food through the alimentary canal.
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After you chew your food, what is the mass that is being swallowed called?
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The bolus.
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What two functions of digestion does the mouth initiate?
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The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
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How does the mouth chemically digest food?
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Saliva begins digestion.
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How does the mouth mechanically digest food?
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By tearing and grinding using the teeth.
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What is the function of the cheeks?
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To hold food in place.
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What is the function of the lips?
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To determine temperature and texture of food.
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What four types of taste buds does everyone have?
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Salt, sweet, bitter, sour
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What are papillae?
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Projections that encase taste buds.
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In addition to housing taste buds, what else do papillae do?
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Help move food around.
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How many pairs of tonsils do we have, and what are their names?
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1.)Lingual - located at the root of the tongue.
2.)Palatine - back of the mouth 3.)Pharyngeal - posterior wall of pharynx. |
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What are the functions of tonsils?
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They are lymphatic tissue, and each function in immunity and lymphatic functions.
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How many teeth are in a child? How about an adult?
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20 child, 32 adult
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What is the function of mechanical digestion?
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Break large pieces of food into smaller pieces.
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What are the two types of the palates?
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The anterior hard palate, and the posterior soft palate.
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What part of the maxillary bone is known as the anterior hard palate?
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The palatine process of the maxillary bone.
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What is the posterior soft palate made of?
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Muscle tissue; a muscular "arch"
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What are alveolar processes?
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Sockets in the maxillary and mandible bones that hold teeth.
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What do incisors do?
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Chisel large pieces.
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What do cuspids (canines) do?
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Grasp and tear.
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What do bicuspids and molars do?
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Grind.
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Humans have both cuspids and bicuspids because humans are _________.
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Omnivores.
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What is another name for the adenoids?
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Pharyngeal tonsils.
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Where is the crown on a tooth?
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Above the gum.
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Where is the root on a tooth?
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Anchored in the alveolar process.
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Where is the enamel?
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The outer covering of the crown.
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What is the purpose of enamel?
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Protection.
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Dentin is harder than ____.
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Bone.
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What is a tooth made of?
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Dentin.
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What is comprised of dentin?
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Teeth.
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In a tooth, where is the pulp located?
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In the center.
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What can be found in the pulp?
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Blood vessels and nerves.
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What does the cementum do?
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Fastens teeth in the alveolar process.
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What ligment holds teeth tight in place in the alveolar socket?
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The periodontal ligament.
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What does the peridontal ligament do?
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Hold teeth fastened tightly in socket.
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What do salivary glands excrete and what does it contain that aids in digestion?
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Saliva, amylase.
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What are two functions of the saliva?
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To moisten food and bind it, forming a bolus.
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What nervous system triggers the production of saliva in response to the sight and sound of food?
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Parasympathetic N.S.
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What are the names of all three salivary glands?
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Parotid, submandibular, sublingual.
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Where is the parotid salivary gland located?
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In front of the ear.
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What type of saliva is secreted by the parotid salivary gland?
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Clear, watery, and rich with amylase.
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Clear, watery, amylase-rich saliva is produced by which salivary gland?
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Parotid salivary gland.
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Where are the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands located?
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Inferior to the tongue, on the floor of the mouth.
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What type of saliva is secreted by the submandibuar and sublingual salivary produce?
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Mucus-like, viscous fluid.
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What cavity extends from the skull to the esophagus?
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The pharynx.
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At what vertebrae (about) does the pharynx end and the esophagus begin?
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The 6th vertebrae.
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What does the pharynx connect?
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The nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the larynx and the esophagus.
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What is described as a muscular cavity behind the mouth?
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The pharynx.
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What are the three cavities of the pharynx?
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Nasopharynx, Larygnopharynx, Oropharynx.
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Where is the nasopharynx?
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Above the soft palate.
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What CAN happen in the nasopharynx?
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Food and air mix.
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Food goes down the _________. Air goes down the _______.
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Esophagus, trachea.
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Once swallowing is iniated, it becomes a ______.
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Reflex.
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What is a straight, collapsible passageway to the stomach?
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The esophagus.
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What tube penetrates the diaphragm and joins the stomach?
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The esophagus.
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What process moves food from the pharynx, to the esophagus, and into the stomach?
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Peristalsis.
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What closes the nasal cavity during swallowing?
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The soft palate, which rises to close it off.
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What closes off the trachea during swallowing?
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The epiglottis.
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What prevents food from coming out of the mouth during swallowing?
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The tongue presses against the soft palate, sealing mouth from pharynx.
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What contracts during swallowing that forces the bolus into the esophagus?
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The muscles of the pharynx.
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What canal is the stomach a part of?
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The alimentary canal.
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What does the stomach look like?
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A J-shaped pouch.
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About how much can the stomach hold?
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1 Liter.
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What region of the stomach is where the esophageal opening?
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Cardiac region.
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Where is the fundic region of the stomach?
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Superior to the cardiac region; "above" the esophageal opening.
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Where is the body region of the stomach?
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Between the fundic and pyloric regions.
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Where is the pyloric region of the stomach?
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At the "end" of the stomach, which leads to the pyloric canal which empties into the duodenum.
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What are rugae?
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Ridges in the lining of the stomach.
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What are the gastric villi?
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Finger-like projections from the stomach lining.
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What are the gastric pits?
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Pits formed between gastric villi; gastric glands are located in the gastric pits.
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What are the gastric glands?
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Glands located in the gastric pits that produce gastric juice.
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What are the four types of gastric glands?
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Chief, Mucus, Parietal, G-Cells
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What do chief gastic glands secrete?
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Pepsin.
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What does pepsin break down?
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Protein.
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What do mucus gastric glands secrete?
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Mucus.
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What is the purpose of mucus in the stomach?
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Lines stomach so that HCl doesn't digest the stomach. Also, lubricates.
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What do parietal gastric glands secrete?
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HCl and Intrinsic Factor.
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What does intrinsic factor break down?
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Vitamin B12.
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What do G-cells secrete?
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Gastrin.
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Pepsin is an ______ that breaks down _______ into ________.
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Enzyme, protein, peptides
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What is the pH of HCl?
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1.5
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What is the function of HCl in digestion?
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To denature proteins to make them easier to break down. Very acidic pH also kills pathogens.
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What is gastrin?
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A regulatory hormone.
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When you eat, how does your stomach get the signal to start producing gastric juices?
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As the stomach fills, gastrin is released which stimulates the release of gastric juices and relaxes the pyloric spincter.
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What nerve, when stimulated, causes the release of gastrin?
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The vagus nerve.
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What nervous system initiates the release of gastrin (and thus digestion in the stomach)?
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Parasympathetic N.S.
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When a bolus is digested in the stomach, what is it then called?
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Chyme.
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Where is the duodenum located?
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After the pyloric canal in the stomach.
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What organ is the duodenum a part of?
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The small intestine.
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What is the main purpose of the small intestine?
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Digestion and absorption of carbs, fats, and proteins.
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What part of the small intestine comes right after the duodenum?
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The jejunum.
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What part of the small intestine comes right after the jejunum?
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The ileum.
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What parts of the small intestine contain the absorption molecules?
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The jejunum and ileum.
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Where is the ileocecal valve?
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At the point where the sm. and lg. intestines join.
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What are intestinal villi?
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Finger-like projections on the lining of the small intestine.
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What is the purpose of the intestinal villi?
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To increase the surface area for absorption.
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What do the intestinal glands secrete?
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Enzymes.
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What is excreted by the intestinal glands that protect and lubricate the sm. intestines?
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Mucus.
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What is excreted by the intestinal glands that breaks down peptides into amino acids?
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Peptidases.
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What is excreted by the intestinal glands that breaks down dissacharides into monosaccharides and glucose?
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There are three: sucrases, maltases, lactases.
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The small intestine turns ________ into _____ _____.
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Proteins, Amino Acids
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The small intestines digests carbohydrates into _______.
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Glucose.
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What absorbs the broken down amino acids?
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Capillaries in the villi receive the amino acids by simple diffusion.
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What absorbs monosaccharides in the small intestines?
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Capillaries in the intestinal villi receive the monosccahrides by facilitated diffusion.
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How are fatty acids absorbed by the small intestine?
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They diffuse into the mucosa where they are converted into chylomicrons and travel-> lacteals -> lympathic vessels.
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Where is the cecum located?
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At the point where the ileum of the small intestine becomes the large intestine.
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What lymphatic organ is located near the cecum?
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The appendix.
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What part of the large intestine comprises most of its length?
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The colon.
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What is the canal that opens to the outside called?
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The anal canal.
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What region of the large intestine is the most distal?
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The rectum.
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What portion of the colon is near the appendix, where the large intestine travels up? What side of the body is this on?
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The ascending colon. The right side.
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What portion of the colon travels from where the ascending colon ends and the descending colon begins?
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The transverse colon.
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What portion of the colon travels down, where the transverse colon ends? What side of the body is this on?
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The descending colon. The left side.
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What is the only thing secreted in the large intestine?
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Mucus.
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What is the main digestive function of the large intestine?
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The reabsorption of H20 and electrolytes.
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What is fecal matter?
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Undigested and unabsorbed material.
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What gives fecal matter its color?
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Biliverdin -> Green Pigment
Bilirubin -> Orange Pigment |
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What gives fecal matter its odor?
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Intestinal bacteria.
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What percent of fecal matter is h20?
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75%.
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The liver is an _________ organ.
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Accessory.
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The liver is divided into how many lobes?
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2 lobes. (right + left)
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Which lobe is bigger?
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The right lobe.
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What does the liver excrete that aids in digestion?
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Bile.
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What does bile do?
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Bile breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones.
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When fatty chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, what hormone stimulates the bile duct to open?
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Cholcytokinin.
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What specialized phagocytic cells are associated with the liver?
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Kupffer's Cells.
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What does the liver store?
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Vitamins A, D, E, K
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What does the liver store that helps maintain proper blood-sugar levels?
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Glycogen.
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What does the liver do to the blood?
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Filters the blood and removes toxic materials and detoxifies them.
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What does the liver do to aid in clotting?
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Synthesize plasma proteins and blood clotting factors.
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The gall bladder is an _________ organ.
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Accessory.
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What does the gall bladder store?
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Bile secreted from the liver.
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What does the pancreas secrete?
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Pacreatic juices.
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What do the pancreatic juices contain?
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Buffer and enzymes.
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What do buffers in the pancreatic juices do?
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Change the pH of the chyme from 1.5 back to 7.4.
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What enzyme in the pacreatic juices convert starch into dissacharides?
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Amylase (also found in saliva)
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What enzyme in the pacreatic juices converts proteins into amino acids?
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Proteases.
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What enzyme in the pacreatic juices converts lipids into triglycerides?
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Lipases.
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What enzyme in the pacreatic juices converts nucleotides into nitrogen bases and sugar?
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Nucleases.
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What produced by the pacreas neutralizes the extremely acidic pH of chyme entering the duodenum?
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Buffers.
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What does the pacreas break down into disaccharides?
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Carbohydrates.
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What does the pacreas break proteins into?
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Amino acids.
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What does the pacreas break fats into?
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Triglycerides.
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What hormone stimulates the release of pancreatic buffers when acidic chyme enters the duodenum?
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Secretin.
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What stimulates the release of secretin?
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Contact with the acidic pH of the chyme exiting the stomach.
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