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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the basic unit of all structure?
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atoms
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What is a fundamental substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number?
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Elements
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Most important elements are from a quantative point of view are?
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
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What is defined as the sum of numbers of protons and neutrons in its nucleus?
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Atomic Weight
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Isotopes are best known for the fact that some of them are?
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Radioactive
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____________ are structures that result from attachment of atoms to one another by chemical bonds.
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Molecules
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____________ are substances composed of molecules of the same type.
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Compounds
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____________ processes that form or break chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of new compunds.
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Chemical Reaction
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Atoms that are more stable, with nearly full outer levels tend to acquire electrons to fill thier orbitals and are called ____________________.
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Electron Acceptors
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Atoms that are far from having a filled outer level can find stability more easily by moving in the direction of emptying thier outermost energy, thus called _______________________?
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Electron Donors
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The ___________of an element is the number of electrons it can accept or donate.
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Valence
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Electron donors have __________ valence.
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Positive
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Electron acceptors have ___________ valence.
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Negative
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______________ can also readily form either single or double bonds with other carbons.
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carbon
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The strength of chemical bonds depend on the extent to which each of the bonded atoms shares the _____________ involved.
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electrons
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In a ___________ bond, the strongest form, the bonded partners share one or more electrons to complete thier outer energy levels.
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covelent
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If a donor and acceptor are about equally strong, each shared electron spends about the same time with each of the 2 bonded atoms, this is called?
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nonpolar bond
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If a donor and acceptor are unequal in strength, each shared electron spends more time with one partner than the other, this is called?
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polar bond
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Atoms connected by a polar bond form what is called an __________________ ?
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electrical dipole
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An atom that has the electron more of the time is the ____________ ?
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negative pole.
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A/An __________ bond is formed when an element that readily gives up electrons reacts with an element that readily accepts them.
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ionic
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Ionic bonds are ___________ than covalent bonds.
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weaker
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__________________________ are attractive forces that develop between molecules or between different parts of the same large molecule.
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Van der Waals forces
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Combining 2 or more elements or compound to form a new compund according to the form A+B= AB.
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Synthetic Reactions
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In physiology, the formation of new protiens from free amino acids or deposition of bone from free calcium and phosphate is called?
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Anabolic process
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The opposite of a synthetic reaction, taking AB-> A+B, is called?
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Decompasition reactions
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__________ is defined as a system's total energy that could be used to work.
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Free energy
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Substances that promote reactions by lowering thiwer activation energy barriers without themselves being changes in the reaction.
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Catalysts
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Protiens that act as the body's catalyst, permitting it to carry out at body temperature reactions that would require much higher temperature if conducted w/o catalysis.
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Enzymes
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The lungs secrete a substance that interferes with the water-water interactions and reduces surface tension.
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Pulmanary surfactant
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A suspension whose particles are so small that intermolecular forces can overcome the force of gravity and keep the particles suspended?
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Colloid
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Substance that increases the PH of a solution is called?
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Base
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Substance that decreases the Ph of a solutions is called?
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Acid
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Solutions with a Ph=7 are considered?
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Neutral
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Compounds that dissociate in solution to yield a free cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH.
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Salts
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A system of reactants that acts to minimize changes in Ph.
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Buffer
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The main buffer system for exrtracellular fluid, including both blood plasma and interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells is know as the?
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
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_________________ compunds are those that contain carbon and hydrogen.
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Organic
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_____________________ contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ration 1:2:1.
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Carbohydrates
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Major nonpolar, water-insoluble organic molecules in the body are called?
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Lipids
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________________________ are the major form of stored lipid in the body, making up the majority of the fat in adipose cells.
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Triaclyglycerols
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_____________________ is an essential constituent of plasma membranes as well as a starting point for synthesis of a large family of steroid hormones.
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Cholesterol
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These are derivatives of arachidonic acid, a twenty-carbon fatty acid.
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Prostaglandins
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Organic compounds that contain atleast one carbon atom that is bonded simutaneoulsy to carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen group,and a side chain of varying complexity.
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Amino Acids
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In ____________________________, the inhibitor molecule simply occupies the active site of the enzyme, preventing interaction with the normal substrate.
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Competitive Inhibition
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In ____________________________, the inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme, changing the teritary structure of the enzyme and affecting the ability of the active site to recognize its substrate.
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Noncompetitive inhibition
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______________ means "at another site" than the active site.
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Allosteric
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Energy captured by reduced coenzymes may be converted to ATP by a process called?
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oxidative phosphorylation
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Linear chains of nucleotides strung together in a sequence that carries information is known as?
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nucleic acids
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2 types of Nucleic Acids are?
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DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA(ribonucleic acid) |
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In the very simplest definition, a _________ is the code that specifies a single protein.
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gene
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When parts of the amino acids are clipped off or two or more polypeptides are attached together to form a functional complex?
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posttransitional processing
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Proteins that are to undergo destruction are labeled with a molecule called?
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ubiquitin
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Ubiquitinated membrane proteins are removed from the cell surface by_______________ of the membrane containing them.
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endocytosis
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A ___________ is a nuclear structure consiting of a double strand of DNA together with a large number od associated smaller molecules.
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chromosone
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Human cells have a total of ________ chromosones, twenty-two pairs of somatic, and a pair of sex chromosones.
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forty-six
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XX chromosones specifify _______ genetic sex.
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female
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XY chromosones specify __________ genetic sex.
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male
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A process of cell division by which body cells increase in number during growth and development.
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mitosis
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When each cell recieves a copy of one or the other of the pair of homologous chromosomes.
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meiosis
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Cells that go through meiosis and contain only one member of each chromosome pair are called
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haploid
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Which of the subatomic particles is not taken into account in the calculation of the elemen's atomic weight?
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Electrons
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The weight of an electron is 1/1800th the weight of the other particles and therefore not taken into account when calculating?
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element's atomic weight
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