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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Old
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Olfactory
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Opie
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Optic
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Occasionally
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Oculomotor
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Tries
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Trochlear
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Trigonometry
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Trigeminal
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And
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Abducens
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Feels
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Facial
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Very
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Vestibulocochlear
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Gloomy
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Glossopharyngeal
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Vague
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Vagus
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And
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Accessory
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Hypoactive
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Hypoglossal
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Olfactory Nerve I
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Provides sense of smell Damage causes : Impaired sense of smell |
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Optic Nerve II
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Provides vision Damage causes: blindness in the visual field |
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The Cranial Nerves
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12 pairs of nerves arises from the brain and exit through the foramina leading to muscles, glands and sense organs in the head and neck. Input & Output = ipsilateral except CN 2 and 4 |
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Oculomotor Nerve III
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Provides some eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing Damage causes: drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing and inability to move eye in certain directions |
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Trochlear Nerve IV
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Provides eye movement Damage causes: double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally (below and to one side) |
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Trigeminal Nerve V
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Main sensory nerve to face (touch, pain, and temperature) and muscles of mastication Damage produces: loss of sensation and impaired chewing |
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Abducens Nerve VI |
Provides eye movement Damage results in: inability to rotate eye laterally |
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Facial Nerve VII |
Provides facial expressions, sense of taste on anterior or 2/3's of tongue, salivary glands and tear, nasal palatine glands. |
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Branches of Facial Nerve
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-Temporal -Zygomatic -Buccal -Mandibular -Cervical |
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
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Provides hearing and sense of balance Damage produces: deafness, dizziness, nausea and loss of balance |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX |
Provides control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of blood pressure and respiration |
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Vagus Nerve X |
Provides swallowing, speech, and regulation of viscera Damage: hoarseness of loss of voice, impaired swallowing and is fatal if both vagus nerves are severed |
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Accessory Nerve XI
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Provides swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement Damage: impaired head, neck and shoulder movement, head turns towards injured side |
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Hypoglossal Nerve XII
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Provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing Damage: inability to protrude tongue if both nerves are damaged, or deviation towards injured side and ipsilateral atrophy is one is damaged. |
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Overview of Spinal Cord
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Information highway between the brain and the body Extends through vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to L1 Each pair of spinal nerves receives sensory information and issues motor signals to muscles and glands |
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Spinal Cord
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component of central nervous system while the spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system |
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Functions of the Spinal Cord
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Conduction Locomotion Reflexes |
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Conduction |
bundles of fibers passing information up and down the spinal cord |
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Locomotion
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repetitive, coordinated actions of several muscle groups central pattern generators are pools of neurons providing control of flexors and extensors (walking) |
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Reflexes |
involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli (remove hand from hot stove) involves brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves |
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Anatomy of Spinal Cord
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Cylinder of nerve tissue (within the vertebral canal *thick as a finger* - vertebral column grows faster so in an adult the spinal cord only extends to L1 31 pairs of spinal nerves arises from cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the cord -each cord segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves Cervical and lumbar enlargements |
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Medullary cone
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tapered tip of spinal cord
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Cauda equinae
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the nerve roots from L2 to S5 which resemble a horse's tail
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Dura mater
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tough collagenous membrane surrounded by epidural filled with fat and blood vessels - epidural anesthesia utilized during childbirth |
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Arachnoid mater
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layer of simple squamous epithelium lining during dura mater and loose mesh of fibers filled with CSF (creates subarachnoid space)
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Pia mater
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delicate membrane adherent to the spinal cord filium terminale and denticulate ligaments anchor the cord |
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Central Area of Gray matter
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shaped like a butterfly and surrounded by white matter in three columns
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Gray matter
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neuron cell bodies with myelin
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White matter
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myelination axons
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Gray matter in the Spinal Cord
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Pair of dorsal or posterior horns Pair of ventral or anterior horns Connected by gray commissure punctured by central canal continuous above with 4th ventricle of the brain |
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Pair of dorsal or posterior horns
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dorsal root of spinal nerve is totally sensory fibers
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Pair of ventral or anterior horns
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ventral root of spinal nerve is totally motor fibers
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White matter in the Spinal Cord
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White column Dorsal or posterior columns, lateral columns, and ventral or anterior columns Each column is filled with named tracts (named fibers with a similar origin, destination and function) |
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White column
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bundles of myelinated axons that carry signals up and down
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Spinal Tracts
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Ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts Contralateral |
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Ascending (sensory) *take in* & descending (motor) *back out*
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travel up and down while decussation (the fiber cross sides)
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Contralateral
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original and destination are on opposite sides, while ipsilateral
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Nerve
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a bundle of nerve fibers (axons)
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Epineurium
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covers nerves perineum surrounds a fascicle and endoneurium seperates individual nerve fibers Blood vessels penetrate only the perineurium |
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Anatomy of Ganglia in the PNS
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Cluster of neuron cell bodies in nerve in PNS Dorsal root ganglia consist of sensory cell bodies -fibers pass through without synapsing |