The Central Nervous System, Ch12 Part C, Marieb

Front 1

Describe the Functional Brain System

Back 1

Networks of neurons working together and spanning wide areas of the brain

Front 2

What are the two Functional Brain Systems

Back 2

The two systems are:
Limbic system
Reticular formation

Front 3

What is the Limbic system responsible for?

Back 3

especially important in emotions:
Amygdala – deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict
Puts emotional responses to odors – e.g., skunks smell bad

Front 4

The limbic system interacts with what part of the brain?

Back 4

The prefrontal lobes

Front 5

What does the interaction between the limbic system and the prefrontal lobes allow?

Back 5

A connection between emotion and cognition:
One can react emotionally to conscious understandings
One is consciously aware of emotion in one’s life

Front 6

What structures in the Limbic system convert new information into long-term memories?

Back 6

Hippocampal structures

Front 7

What does RAS stand for?

Back 7

RAS – Reticular Activating System

Front 8

What two things are contained in the Reticular Formation?

Back 8

The RAS and Motor Function

Front 9

What does Motor function of the reticular formation do?

Back 9

Helps control coarse motor movements
Autonomic centers regulate visceral motor functions – e.g., vasomotor, cardiac, and respiratory centers

Front 10

What does the RAS do?

Back 10

Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli

Front 11

What three things protect the brain?

Back 11

The brain is protected by bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 12

What shield the brain from harmful substances?

Back 12

the blood-brain barrier

Front 13

What are meninges?

Back 13

Connective tissue membranes lying external to the CNS

Front 14

What are the three meninges called?

Back 14

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 15

What are the four functions of the meninges?

Back 15

Cover and protect the CNS
Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Form partitions within the skull

Front 16

Identify the three meninges

Back 16

Front 17

Describe the Dura Mater

Back 17

"Tough Mother"
Leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers
The two layers separate in certain areas and form dural sinuses

Front 18

What is the function of the dura mater?

Back 18

Three dural septa extend inward and limit excessive movement of the brain
(These are called the Falx cerebri, Falx cerebelli, & Tentorium cerebelli - not on power points)

Front 19

Describe Arachnoid Mater

Back 19

The middle meninx, which forms a loose brain covering

Front 20

What separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater?

Back 20

the subdural space

Front 21

what lies beneath the arachnoid?

Back 21

Beneath the arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and large blood vessels

Front 22

Back 22

Front 23

Describe the pia mater

Back 23

Deep meninx composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

Front 24

What are the four functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Back 24

1.Forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
2.Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
3.Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
4.Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it

Front 25

Circulation of CSF

Back 25

Front 26

What do you call the clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters, which hang from the roof of each ventricle?

Back 26

The Choroid Plexuses

Front 27

What are the functions of the choroid plexuses?

Back 27

1.Have ion pumps that allow them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF
2.Help cleanse CSF by removing wastes

Front 28

Describe the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

Back 28

Selective barrier that allows nutrients to pass freely
Is ineffective against substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes

Front 29

What areas of the brain do not contain the blood brain barrier? Why

Back 29

vomiting center and the hypothalamus), allowing these areas to monitor the chemical composition of the blood

Front 30

What increases the ability of chemicals to pass through the blood-brain barrier?

Back 30

Stress

Front 31

What and where is the spinal cord?

Back 31

CNS tissue enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1

Front 32

What is the function of the spinal cord?

Back 32

Provides two-way communication to and from the brain

Front 33

What protects the spinal cord?

Back 33

Protected by bone, meninges, and CSF

Front 34

What is the space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) that is filled with fat and a network of veins

Back 34

The epidural space

Front 35

identify conus medullaris, filum terminale, cervical and lumbar enlargements, cauda equina

Back 35

Front 36

What is the conus medullaris?

Back 36

Conus medullaris – terminal portion of the spinal cord

Front 37

What is the filum terminale?

Back 37

Filum terminale – fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Front 38

What are denticulate ligaments?

Back 38

Denticulate ligaments – delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae

Front 39

How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?

Back 39

31

Front 40

What are the sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge called?

Back 40

cervical and lumbar enlargements

Front 41

What are the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal called?

Back 41

Cauda equina

Front 42

What is another word for "anterior"?

Back 42

Mental

Front 43

What is another word for "posterior"?

Back 43

Dorsal

Front 44

Identify the anterior median fissure and the posterior median sulcus (not labeled in the answer slide)

Back 44

Front 45

In the spinal cord, what does the dorsal half of the gray matter contain?

Back 45

sensory roots and ganglia

Front 46

In the spinal cord, what does the ventral half of the gray matter contain?

Back 46

motor roots

Front 47

Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form ________ _______.

Back 47

spinal nerves

Front 48

What are the four zones evident with in the gray matter in the spinal cord?

Back 48

1. somatic sensory (SS)
2.visceral sensory (VS)
3.visceral motor (VM
4.somatic motor (SM)

Front 49

What does the white matter in the spinal cord allow?

Back 49

Allows communication between different parts of the spinal cord and between the cord and the brain

Front 50

What three directions do the white matter fibers in the spinal cord run?

Back 50

ascending
descending
transversely

Front 51

What are the ascending fibers of the white matter in the s.c.?

Back 51

sensory inputs

Front 52

What are the descending fibers of the white matter in the s.c.?

Back 52

Motor outputs

Front 53

What are the transversefibers of the white matter in the s.c.?

Back 53

commissural fibers

Front 54

See generalized pathways of white matter in the spinal cord.

Back 54