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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The fundamental unit of the human body
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CELL
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The basic structural unit of all plants and animals. A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus.
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CELL
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Each Cell has 3 main elements which are....
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1.cell membrane
2.cytoplasm 3.organelles |
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The outer covering of a cell: also called plasma membrane and protects the cell
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CELL MEMBRANE
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Able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through...Cell membranes are ?
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SEMIPERMEABLE
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Protein produced by a white blood cell that instructs neighboring cells to respond in a genetically pre programmed fashion
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CYTOKINE
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thick fluid that fills a cell
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CYTOPLASM
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structure of protein filaments that supports a cell's internal structure
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CYTOSKELETON
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clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm in a cell
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CYTOSOL
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poisonous (toxic) to cells
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CYTOTOXIC
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Red blood cell
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ERYTHROCYTE
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white cell with multiple nuclei that has the appearance of a bag of granules
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GRANULOCYTE
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White blood cell
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LEUKOCYTE
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A type of leukocyte(white blood cell) that attacks foreign substances as part of the bodys immune response
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LYMPHOCYTE
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White blood cell with a single nucleus; the largest normal blood cell.
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MONOCYTE
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A cell that has the ability to ingest other cells and substances such as bacteria and cell debris
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PHAGOCYTE
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Ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other substances by phagocytes
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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blood cell responsible for clotting, also called a platelet
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THROMBOCYTE
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Thick viscous fluid that fills and gives shape to the cell, also called protoplasm
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CYTOPLASM
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structures that perform specific functions within the cell are called
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ORGANELLES
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The organelle within a cell that contains the DNA or genetic material;
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NUCLEUS
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network of small channels that has both rough and smooth portions
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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located near the nucleus of the cell, it performs a variety of functions including synthesis and packaging of secretions such as MUCUS
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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Powerhouse of the cell, convert essential nutrients into energy sources often in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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MITOCHONDRIA
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contain digestive enzymes,protects against disease and production of nutrients, breaking down bacteria and organic debris
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LYSOSOMES
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Especially abundant in the liver, they absorb and neutralize toxins such as alcohol
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PEROXISOMES
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There are seven major functions of cell....
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1.movement 2.conductivity 3.metabolic absorption 4.secretion 5.excretion 6.respiration 7. reproduction
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a group of cells that perform a similar function
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tissues
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STRUCTURAL HIERARCHY OF THE BODY
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CELLS---->TISSUES-----> ORGANS----->ORGAN SYSTEMS-----> ORGANISM
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the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues, ex; skin,mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract
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epithelial tissue
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has the capability of contraction when stimulated
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muscle tissue
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tissue that is found only within the heart. has the ability of spontaneous contraction without external stimulation
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CARDIAC MUSCLE
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muscle found within the intestines and encircling blood vessels. under the control of the involuntary, or autonomic, component of the nervous system
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SMOOTH MUSCLES
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the most abundant muscle type, allows movement and is mostly under voluntary control
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SKELETAL MUSCLES
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most abundant tissue in the body, provides support, connection, and insulation. ex bones, cartilage, and fat.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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blood is also sometimes classified as this type of tissue
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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tissue specialized to transmit electrical impulses throughout the body ex brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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NERVE TISSUE
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a group of tissues functioning together is an organ
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ORGAN
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a group of organs that work together is referred to as an
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ORGAN SYSTEM
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consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
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consists of lungs and associated structures. provides oxygen to the body, while removing carbon dioxide
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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consists of the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum, and anus
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GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
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consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. eliminates various waste products. regulated water, electrolytes, blood pressures
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GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
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provides for reproduction of the organism
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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consists of the brain, spinal cord, and all of the peripheral nerves. controls all body functions and is the seat of intellect, awareness, and personality
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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consists of the pituitary and pineal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries, adrenal,thyroid,and parathyroid glands
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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exerts its effects through the release of chemical messengers called hormones
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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the sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being
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ORGANISM
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THE NATURAL TENDENCY OF THE BODY TO MAINTAIN A STEADY AND NORMAL INTERNAL ENVIROMENT
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HOMEOSTASIS
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THE STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANISM; BODY STRUCTURE
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ANATOMY
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THE TOTAL CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
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METABOLISM
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WHEN NORMAL METABOLISM IS DISTURBED, THE BODY ATTEMPTS TO RESTORE NORMAL METABOLISM
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***JUST A NOTE****
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WHEN SOMETHING INTERFERES WITH THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL MESSAGES CELLS SEND TO EACH OTHER, A DISEASE PROCESS CAN BEGIN OR ADVANCE
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****just a note***
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the total amount of water in the body at any given time
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TOTAL BODY WATER
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the fluid found inside body cells
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INTRACELLULAR FLUID
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75 % OF ALL BODY WATER IS FOUND, THE LARGEST COMPARTMENT
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INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
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the fluid found outside the body cells
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
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THE FLUID WITHIN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD PLASMA
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INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
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ALL THE FLUID FOUND OUTSIDE OF THE CELL MEMBRANES YET NOT WITHIN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
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WATER
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A SUBSTANCE THAT DISSOVES OTHER SUBSTANCES, FORMING A SOLUTION
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SOLVENT
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ABNORMAL DECREASE IN THE TOTAL BODY WATER/EXCESSIVE LOSS OF BODY FLUID
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DEHYDRATION
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RESULT FROM PROLONGED VOMITING, DIARRHEA, OR MALABSORPTION DISORDERS
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GASTROINTESTINAL FLUID LOSS
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LOSS OF WATER THROUGH NORMAL MECHANISMS THAT IS DIFFICULT TO DETECT OR MEASURE, EX:SWEAT,SALIVA,WATER VAPOR FORM LUNGS/ CAUSED BY FEVER,HYPERVENTILATION, OR HYPERTHERMIA
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INCREASED INSENSIBLE LOSS
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normal tension in a cell, the resistance of the skin to deformation
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TURGOR
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THE PRESENCE OF RETENTION OF AN ABNORMALLY HIGH AMOUNT OF BODY FLUID
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OVERHYDRATION
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CAUSES OF DEHYDRATION
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VOMITING,DIARRHEA,PERSPIRATION, PERITONITIS, MALNUTRITION, BURNS, OPEN WOUNDS
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THE SMALL PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT
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ATOM
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A COMBINATION OF ATOMS
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MOLECULE
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EACH ATOM IS MADE UP OF EVEN SMALLER PARTICLES KNOWN AS....
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ELECTRONS
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HAVE A NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE
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ELECTRONS
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HAVE A POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE
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PROTONS
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PARTICLES THAT ARE UNCHARGED
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NEUTRONS
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IN THE INNER CORE, OR NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM
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PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
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SUBSTANCES THAT FORM IONS WHEN THEY BREAK DOWN OR DISSOCIATE IN WATER
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ELECTROLYTES
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SEPARATE, BREAK DOWN
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DISSOCIATE
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A CHARGED PARTICLE, AN ATOM OR GROUP OF ATOMS WHOSE ELECTRICAL CHARGE HAS CHANGED FROM NEUTRAL TO POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
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ION
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ION WITH A POSITIVE CHARGE
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CATION
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ION WITH A NEGATIVE CHARGE
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ANION
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A SUBSTANCE THAT TENDS TO PRESERVE OR RESTORE A NORMAL ACID BASE BALANCE BY INCREASING OR DECREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS
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BUFFER
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most prevalent cation in the extra cellular fluid. plays a major role in regulation the distribution of water
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SODIUM Na+
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an abnormal increase in the relative amount of sodium in the body is called
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HYPERNATREMIA
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an abnormal decrease in the relative amount of sodium in the body is called
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HYPO NATREMIA
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Most prevalent cation in the intracellular fluid. important in the transmission of electrical impulses
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Potassium K+
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abnormally high potassium level is called
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HYPER KALEMIA
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abnormally low potassium level is called
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HYPO KALEMIA
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Plays a major role in muscle contraction as well as nervous impulse transmission
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CALCIUM Ca++
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abnormally high calcium level is known as
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HYPERCALCEMIA
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ABNORMALLY LOW CALCIUM LEVEL IS KNOWN AS
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HYPOCALCEMIA
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principle buffer of the body
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BICARBONATE HCO3-
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Equal in concentration of solute molecules, solutions may be isotonic to each other
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ISOTONIC
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HAVING A GREATER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE MOLECULES, ONE SOLUTION MAY BE HYPERTONIC TO ANOTHER
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HYPERTONIC
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HAVING A LESSER CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE MOLECULES
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HYPOTONIC
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THE DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION BETWEEN SOLUTIONS ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE
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OSMOTIC GRADIENT
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A FORMED ELEMENT OF BLOOD IS
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RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELL, AND PLATELETS
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PLASMA IS MADE UP OF 90 TO 92% OF
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WATER
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EACH COMPLETE HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE CAN CARRY UP TO ? OXYGEN MOLECULES
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FOUR
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RED BLOOD CELLS ARE CALLED
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ERYTHROCYTES
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OXYGEN BEARING MOLECULES IN THE RED BLOOD CELLS MADE UP OF IRON RICH RED PIGMENT CALLED HEME AND A PROTEIN CALLED GLOBIN
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HEMOGLOBIN
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THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING RED BLOOD CELLS
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ERYTHROPOIESIS
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DESTRUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS
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HEMOLYSIS
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THE PACKED CELL VOLUME OF RED BLOOD CELLS PER UNIT OF BLOOD
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HEMATOCRIT
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THE MOVEMENT OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN RESPONSE TO CHEMICAL SIGNALS
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CHEMOTAXIS
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PROCESS IN WHICH WHITE BLOOD CELLS ENGULF AND DESTROY AN INVADER
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
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HIGHLY SPECIALIZED MEMBER OF THE GRANULOCYTIC SERIES THAT CAN INACTIVATE THE CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF ACUTE ALLERGIC REACTIONS
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EOSINOPHILS
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CLOT FORMATION WHICH IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS WHEN IT OCCURS IN CORONARY ARTERIES OR CEREBRAL VASCULARTURE
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THROMBOSIS
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THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PLASMIN DISMANTLES A BLOOD CLOT
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FIBRINOLYSIS
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THE THICK VISCOUS FLUID THAT FILLS THE CELL AND GIVES IT SHAPE IS CALLED
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CYTOPLASM
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THE TISSUE TYPE THAT IS MOSTLY UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS
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SKELETAL MUSCLE
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THE TISSUE TYPE THAT PROVIDES SUPPORT AND INSULATION
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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THE BODY ORGAN SYSTEM THAT PRODUCES MOST BODY HEAT IS
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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THE BODY'S MAJOR BARORECEPTORS ARE LOCATED IN THE
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ARCH OF THE AORTA
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THE FEEDBACK SYSTEM THAT DECREASES STIMULATION AS THE TARGET ORGAN RESPONDS IS THE
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
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EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ACCOUNTS FOR WHAT PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL BODY WATER
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25%
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A FLUID THAT DISSOLVES OTHER SUBSTANCES IS A
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SOLVENT
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ELEMENT THAT IS MOST COMMON IN THE HUMAN BODY?
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HYDROGEN
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THE MOST PREVALENT CATION IN THE HUMAN BODY IS
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SODIUM
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WHEN AN ISOTONIC SOLUTION IS PLACED IN THE HUMAN BLOODSTREAM, WATER DOES WHAT?
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DOES NOT MOVE
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WHEN A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION IS PLACED IN THE HUMAN BLOODSTREAM, WATER MOVES IN WHICH DIRECTION?
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INTO THE VASCULAR SPACE
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THE MOVEMENT OF A SOLVENT FROM AND AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION THROUGH THE SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE TO AN AREA OF LOW CONCENTRATION IS TERMED
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OSMOSIS
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THE PRESSURE THAT DRAWS WATER INTO THE BLOOD BECAUSE OF THE PROTEINS THERE IS CALLED
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ONCOTIC FORCE
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THE MOVEMENT OF WATER OUT OF THE PLASMA ACROSS THE CAPILLARY MEMBRANE INTO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACE IS
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FILTRATION
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THE DECREASE IN pH OF 1 WOULD REFLECT WHAT CHANGE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN IONS?
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10 TIMES AS GREAT
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THE BODY SYSTEM THAT RESPONDS MOST RAPIDLY TO A CHANGE IN THE pH IS THE
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BUFFER SYSTEM
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THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE SKIN IS THE
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EPIDERMIS
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THESE GLANDS SECRETE SWEAT
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SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
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THE TYPE OF HAIR THAT IS SHORT, FINE, AND LACKS PIGMENT IS CALLED
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VELLUS
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THE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF BLOOD VOLUME ARE
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RED CELL MASS AND PLASMA VOLUME
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS THAT PRIMARILY FUNCTION TO FIGHT INFECTION
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NEUTROPHILS
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T CELLS AND B CELLS ARE TYPES OF WHITE CELLS THAT PLAY CRITICAL ROLES IN IMMUNITY
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LYMPHOCYTES
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THE CONDITION THAT OCCURS WHEN THE BODY DEVELOPS ANTIBODIES AGAINST ITSELF IS CALLED
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AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
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THE FORMED BLOOD CELL COMPONENTS RESPONSIBLE FOR BLOOD CLOTTING ARE
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PLATELETS
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THE BONE CELL RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING BONE TISSUE IS
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OSTEOCYTE
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THE BONE CELL RESPONSIBLE FOR DISSOLVING BONE TISSUE IS
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OSTEOCLAST
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THE CENTRAL PORTION OF A LONG BONE IS CALLED THE
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DIAPHYSIS
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THE TRANSITIONAL AREA BETWEEN THE END AND CENTRAL PORTION OF THE LONG BONE IS CALLED THE
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METAPHYSIS
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THE TYPE OF BONE TISSUE FILLING THE END OF A THE LONG BONE IS CALLED THE
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CANCELLOUS BONE
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THE COVERING OF THE SHAFT OF THE LONG BONES THAT INITIATES THE BONE REPAIR CYCLE
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PERIOSTEUM
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IMMOVABLE JOINTS SUCH AS THOSE OF THE SKULL ARE TERMED
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SYNARTHROSES
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THE ELBOW IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF JOINT
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MONAXIAL
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BANDS OF STRONG MATERIAL THAT STRETCH AND HOLD THE JOINT TOGETHER WHILE PERMITTING MOVEMENT ARE THE
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LIGAMENTS
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THE SMALL SACS FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID THAT REDUCE FRICTION AND ABSORB SHOCK ARE THE
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BURSAE
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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF ABOUT HOW MANY MUSCLE GROUPS
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600
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THE MUSCLE ATTACHMENT TO THE BONE THAT MOVES WHEN THE MUSCLE MASS CONTRACTS IS THE
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INSERTION
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THE LARGEST OPENING IN THE CRANIUM IS THE
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FORAMEN MAGNUM
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THE LAYER OF THE MENINGES THAT IS STRONG AND LINES THE INTERIOR OF THE CRANIUM IS THE
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DURA MATER
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THE STRUCTURE THAT DIVIDES THE CEREBRUM INTO LEFT AND RIGHT HALVES IS THE
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FALX CEREBRI
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the normal intercranial pressure is
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less than 10 mmHg
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the reflex that increases the systemic bood pressure to maintain cerebral blood flow is called
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autoregulation
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th structure responsible for our positional sense is the
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semicircular canals
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opening through which light travels to contact light sensing tissue in the eye
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pupil
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light sensing tissue in the eye
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retina
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the delicate clear tissue covering the pupil and iris is the
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cornea
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the main major weight bearing component of the vertebral column is the
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VERTEBRAL BODY
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THIS REGION OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN HAS 12 VERTEBRAE
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THORACIC
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