The Cell And Energy

Front 1

Light microscopes:

Back 1

uselight and glass lenses to magnify an image

Front 2

Ascanning electron microscope is used to study _____, whereas a transmissionelectron microscope is used to study__.

Back 2

cellsurfaces . . . internal cell structures

Front 3

Why is the surface area to volume ratio in a cell important?

Back 3

The important point is that the surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger.

Front 4

Plasma Membrane

Back 4

the outer membrane that acts like the boundary between the inside and outside.

Front 5

Thecomponents of cell membranes are___

Back 5

Different types of proteins and cholesterol embedded in a double layerof phospholipids

Front 6

Aphospholipid molecule is made up of__

Back 6

A phosphorous head and two lipid tails

Front 7

Themiddle of a phospholipid bilayer is

Back 7

A.Hydrophobic and composed of fatty acids

Front 8

Amongthe many functions of membrane proteins some important ones are to serve as__

Back 8

1. Transport

2. Receptors

3. Cell Recognition | Identification

4. Junctions

5. Channel

6. Enzymatic

Front 9

Transport Protein

Back 9

Opens and closes

Passage of molecule through membrane

Needs energy

Front 10

Channel Protein

Back 10

Forms a tunnel for specific molecules

Front 11

Cell Recognition Protein

Back 11

Identifies our own cells and cells of other organisms

Front 12

Receptor Protein

Back 12

Allow signal molecules to bind, causing a cellular response

Front 13

Enzymaticproteins

Back 13

Directly participate in metabolic reactions

Front 14

Junction proteins

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Form junctions between cells

Cell-to-cell adhesion and communication

Front 15

Themolecules responsible for membrane transport are

Back 15

Proteins

Front 16

Thosecell membrane proteins that have a short chain of sugars attached to it(glycoproteins) and are like fingerprints are called ___

Back 16

recognitionproteins

Front 17

Whyis the cell membrane also called a “fluid mosaic”?

Back 17

The different molecules and components that move in the cell membrane.

Front 18

What do we mean when we say that the cellmembrane (plasma membrane) is “selectively permeable”?

Back 18

Boundarybetween the outside of the cell and the inside of the cell. It is selective onwhat it lets into the cell.

Front 19

Whichof the following energy transfers is/are possible in living systems?

Back 19

1. Light energy to chemical energy

2. Chemical energy to kinetic energy

3. Potentialenergy to kinetic energy

4. Light energy to potential energy

5. Heat to light energy

Front 20

Whatis energy?

Back 20

capacityto do work

Front 21

Potential energy

Back 21

Stored energy

Front 22

Kinetic energy

Back 22

Energy from motion

Front 23

ATP

Back 23

molecule that supplies energy for cellular work

Energycurrency of cells

Front 24

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 24

-Conservationof energy

-Energycannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.

Front 25

Second law of Thermodynamics

Back 25

-Entropy

-Energy cannot be changed fromone form to another without a loss of heat energy

-Heat is the least usable form of energy, the most disorganized.

Front 26

Photosynthesis

Back 26

solarenergy used to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates

Front 27

Cellularrespiration

Back 27

Carbohydratesbroken down and energy used to build ATP

Front 28

Flow of energy

Back 28

In ecosystems, energy flows in one direction. Some is usedand the rest is lost as heat.

Front 29

Metabolic pathway

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seriesof linked reactions

Front 30

What are enzymes

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Proteinmolecules that function as catalysts to speed up reactions

Front 31

Active cite of Enzyme

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Front 32

Substrate

Back 32

Front 33

Feedbackinhibition

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-When a product is in abundance, it competes with substrate for activesite

-An end product of a pathway can inhibit the first enzyme in the pathway

Front 34

Enzymeinhibition

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Occurs when an active enzyme is prevented from combining with itssubstrate

Examples: Cyanide is a poison because it binds to and inhibits cytochrome coxidase.§Penicillin interferes with a bacterial enzyme that kills the bacteria.

Front 35

diffussion

Back 35

from high to low

Passive Transport (No energy req)

Front 36

HyPERtonic

Back 36

The solution with the higher concentration of solutes

Front 37

HyPOtonic

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The solution with the lower concentration of solutes

Front 38

Isotonicsolution

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•Cellneither gains nor loses water•Concentrationof water same on both sides of the membrane

•0.9%saline isotonic to red blood cells

Front 39

Hemolysis

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the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

Front 40

Crenation

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A process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire a notched or scalloped surface.

Front 41

Solvent

Back 41

Liquid portion of a solution

Front 42

Solute

Back 42

Substance dissolved in a Solvent forming a solution

Front 43

Solution

Back 43

contains both solvent AND solute

Front 44

Osmosis

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is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 45

Osmosis occurs through channel proteins called

Back 45

aquaporins

Front 46

Does Osmosis req energy

Back 46

no

Front 47

In osmosis do water molecules move up or down in their concentration gradient?

Back 47

Down

Front 48

Is Osmosis a passive or active transport Mechanism?

Back 48

passive

Front 49

Exocytosis

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– movement out of cell

Front 50

Endocytosis

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- movement in

Front 51

Active transport

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Cells expend energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient.

Front 52

Bulk Transport

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Macromolecules are often too large to be moved by transport proteins

Front 53

Phagocytosis

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solidparticle

Front 54

Pinocytosis

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Liquid or small particles

Front 55

Receptor-mediatedendocytosis

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Receptors for particular substances found in coated pit – selective and more efficient

Front 56

Granum

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A stack of thylakoid discs

Front 57

Pigments

Back 57

solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other photosynthetic______

Front 58

which structure houses the photosynthetic pigments?

Back 58

thylakoid

Front 59

Which chemicals are output in photosynthesis?

Back 59

oxygen and glucose

Front 60

Which chemicals are input in photosynthesis?

Back 60

water and carbon dioxide

Front 61

what types of molecules are coenzymes?

Back 61

non-proteins

Front 62

Theunit used by biologists to measure energy is the

Back 62

calorie

Front 63

Whichone of the following processes is endergonic?

Back 63

the synthesis of glucose from carbondioxide and water using energy from the sun

Front 64

Kineticenergy differs from chemical energy in that___

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kinetic energy is the energy of a movingobject, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.

Front 65

Abull must eat at least 100 pounds of grain to gain less than 10 pounds ofmuscle tissue. This illustrates

Back 65

the second law of thermodynamics

Front 66

Whatis the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Back 66

Exergonic | Release energy

endergonic | absorb energy

Front 67

Mostenzymes end in ___ by international agreement

Back 67

ase

Front 68

The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of

Back 68

individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer

Front 69

Anenergy barrier is

Back 69

What must be overcome to start the reaction

Front 70

Enzymesfunction by____

Back 70

-enzymesspeed up the cell’schemical reactions by lowering energy barriers

-enzymes work by lowering theactivation energy, which means lowering the amount of energy needed to get areaction going

Front 71

Whenan enzyme catalyzes a reaction

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Itlowers the activation energy of the reaction

Front 72

Mostof a cell's enzymes are

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proteins.

Front 73

Mostenzymes end in ___ by international agreement

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•ase

Front 74

Whichone of the following is false?

Back 74

Enzymes emerge unchanged from thereactions they catalyze.

Front 75

Achild is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107°F. Doctors immediatelyorder an ice bath to lower the child's temperature. Which explanation offersthe most logical reason for this action?

Back 75

Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interferewith the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions.

Front 76

Whichof the following can affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Back 76

-temperature

-pH

-competitive inhibitors

-noncompetitive inhibitors

Front 77

Glycolysis

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•resultsin the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Front 78

Theend product(s) of glycolysis is (are)

Back 78

•pyruvate.

Front 79

Rough ER

Back 79

synthesize polypeptides

Front 80

Smooth ER,

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synthesizes lipids, such as phospholipids and steroids

Front 81

Golgi Apparatus

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SHIPPING

First, it receives transport vesicles sent to it by rough and smooth ER.

The molecules within the vesicles are modified as they move between saccules.

Finally, the Golgi apparatus sorts the modified molecules and packages them into new transport vesicles according to their particular destinations

Front 82

Lysosomes

Back 82

produced by the Golgi