The Cardiovascular System

Front 1

The heart is enclosed within an area of the thorax known as the

Back 1

mediastinum

Front 2

The double sac membrane that covers the heart is the

Back 2

pericardium

Front 3

The heart has three layers of tissue; the middle and thickest layer is called the

Back 3

myocardium

Front 4

The layer of the heart tissue lining the heart chambers and making up much of the valve tissue is the

Back 4

endocardium

Front 5

The heart chambers are separated longitudinally by a body of tissue known as the

Back 5

cardiac septum

Front 6

The blood receiving chambers of the heart are the

Back 6

atria

Front 7

The flat, wrinkled appendage of the atrium is the

Back 7

auricle

Front 8

The two vena cavae enter the right atrium along with a third vein known as the

Back 8

coronary sinus

Front 9

The pumping chambers of the heart are the

Back 9

ventricles

Front 10

Blood returns to the heart from the lungs by means of the

Back 10

pulmonary veins

Front 11

The large artery carrying blood from the left ventricle of the heart is the

Back 11

aorta

Front 12

Those blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are

Back 12

arteries

Front 13

Those blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart are

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veins

Front 14

On the right side of the heart, the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is the

Back 14

tricuspid valve

Front 15

On the left side of the heart, the bicuspid valve has two flaps and is also known as the

Back 15

mitral valve

Front 16

The flaps of the heart valves are anchored to the wall of the ventricles by tissue chords known as

Back 16

chordae tendinae

Front 17

The valves leading to the pulmonary trunk and aorta are referred to as the

Back 17

semilunar valves

Front 18

Arteries that supply blood to the tissue of the heart are the

Back 18

coronary arteries

Front 19

A blockage found in the heart muscle formed by dead cells is a(n)

Back 19

myocardial infarction

Front 20

Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one another by junctions called

Back 20

intercalated disks

Front 21

The sinoatrial node of the heart may be found in the wall of the

Back 21

right atrium

Front 22

Because the sinoatrial node sets the pace for the autorhythmic cardiac muscle activity of the heart, it is commonly known as the

Back 22

pacemaker

Front 23

The specialized cardiac muscle fibers in the interventricular septum, which distribute nerve impulses to tissues of the ventricles, are the

Back 23

Purkinje fibers

Front 24

The second major node of the heart receives stimuli from the sinoatrial node and is called the

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atrioventricular node

Front 25

Irregular heart rhythms sometimes occur and are known as

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arrhythmias

Front 26

The autorhythmic activity of the heart can be modified by a branch of the nervous system known as the

Back 26

autonomic nervous system

Front 27

Heart contraction is known by the alternate term of

Back 27

systole

Front 28

Relaxation periods of the heart when contractions are not occurring are known as

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diastole

Front 29

The heart normally beats each minute approximately

Back 29

70-75 times

Front 30

Unusual heart sounds, such as those emitted by poorly functioning valves are called

Back 30

murmurs

Front 31

The smallest vessels, which carry blood to the cells of the tissues are the

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capillaries

Front 32

The innermost layer of the artery is referred to as

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endothelium (tunica interna)

Front 33

When an artery's lumen is narrowed, the condition is called

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vasoconstriction

Front 34

The entry to many capillary beds are guarded by circular muscles known as

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sphincters

Front 35

The union of several capillaries emerging from the cellular environment forms a vessel known as a(n)

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venule

Front 36

The inner layer of the vein often folds inward to form a(n)

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valve

Front 37

Dilated veins with pooled blood cause a condition known as

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varicose veins

Front 38

The pressure of the blood can be measured by an instrument known as a(n)

Back 38

sphygmomanometer

Front 39

A typical blood pressure reading contains two numbers of which the first number is the systolic pressure and the second number is the

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diastolic pressure

Front 40

A rapid pulse reflects a rapid heart rate and a condition called

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tachycardia

Front 41

A slow pulse reflects a slow heart rate and a condition called

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bradycardia

Front 42

The volume of blood passing through the circulation of an adult is approximately

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5 liters

Front 43

The regulatory center of the brain that maintains the flow of blood is a cluster of sympathetic neurons known as the

Back 43

vasomotor center

Front 44

Neurons in arteries of the neck and chest help regulate the blood flow and are known as

Back 44

baroreceptors

Front 45

Two examples of chemicals that affect the blood pressure by inducing vasoconstriction are epinephrine and

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norepinephrine

Front 46

Insufficient oxygen and nutrients delivered to the body cells may induce a condition known as

Back 46

shock

Front 47

The only artery of the body that carries oxygen-poor blood is the

Back 47

pulmonary artery

Front 48

The only vein of the body that carries oxygen-rich blood is the

Back 48

pulmonary vein

Front 49

The pattern of blood vessels within the brain is known as the

Back 49

circle of Willis

Front 50

The vein that carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver is the

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hepatic portal vein