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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Major Functions of the Nervous System |
1. Sensory Input 2. Integration 3. Motor Output |
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Rostral |
Towards the forehead Hint: Rostral rhymes with Nostril |
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Caudal |
Towards the spinal cord or tail Hint: Dal rhymes with Tail |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
Location: Cerebrum Function: Separates cerebral hemispheres |
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Gyri/Gyrus |
Location: Cerebrum Function: Thick folds (increase surface area) |
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Sulci/Sulcus |
Location: Cerebrum Function: Shallow grooves |
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Corpus Callosum |
Location: Cerebrum Function: Nerve bundles (axons) that connect hemispheres |
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Thalamus |
Location: Diencephalon Function: Relays sensory information (40+ nuclei) |
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Hypothalamus |
Location: Diencephalon Function: Intersection to endocrine and nervous system EX. hunger |
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Cerebellum |
Marked by gyro, sulci, and fissures
10% of brain volume 50% of brain nerves |
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Brainstem |
Contains: Medulla Oblangata Pons Midbrain |
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Primary Vesicles |
Forebrain (prosencephalon) Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
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Grey Matter |
Contains: Neuron, Cell Bodies, Dendrites, and Synapses Color: Nissel Bodies (no myelin) Forms/Found: Cortex (cerebrum and cerebellum) Nuclei |
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White Matter |
Contains: Bundles of axons Color: White (myelin) Forms/Found: Brain, Spinal Cord, Tracts |
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Ectoderm |
Outermost tissue layer of embryo (nervous tissue and skin) |
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3rd Week of Embryo |
Neural Plate forms Neural Groove forms Neural Folds |
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4th Week of Embryo |
Neural Tube- hallow canal for brain and spinal cord Neural Crest- Peripheral Nerves, Skeletal, Integumentary, Endocrine Systems
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5th Week of Embryo |
Forebrain (divides in 2) Telencephalon- cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon- thalamus & hypothalamus Midbrain (doesn't divide) Mesencephalon Hindbrain (divides in2) Metencephalon- pons & cerebellum Myelencephalon- medulla oblangata |
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Meninges |
Connective tissue that surrounds brain & spinal cord 3 Layers: Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Matters Function: protect the brain & provide structural support for arteries & veins |
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Dura Matter |
2 Layers (no epidural space) Periosteal Layer- perineum of cranial bones Meningeal Layer- continous with dura matter of spinal cord |
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Dural Sinuses |
Location: Dura Matter Large vein which drains deoxygenated blood |
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Folds: Falx Cerebri |
Separates hemispheres of cerebrum |
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Folds: Tentorium Cerebelli |
Separates cerebrum & cerebellum |
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Folds: Falx Cerebelli |
Separates hemispheres of cerebellum |
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Arachnoid Matter |
Transparent & Webbed Subdural Space: between dura & arachnoid Subarachnoid Space: between arachnoid & pia (CSF) |
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Pia Matter |
Follows brain contours and is microscopic |
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Meningitis |
Inflammation of the meninges (bacterial or viral) How its tested: Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap |
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Ventricles |
4 internal chambers |
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Lateral Ventricles |
One in each cerebral hemisphere Intervertebral Foramen: pore that connects to 3rd ventricle |
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Interventricular Foramen |
pore that connects to the 3rd ventricle |
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Third Ventricle |
single narrow medial space beneath the corpus callosum |
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Fourth Ventricle |
found beneath the cerebellum and pons, connects central canal of spinal cord |
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Choroid Plexus |
blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle (tight junctions) |
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Ependyma |
neuroglia that line the ventricles and cover capillaries of choroid |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
clear, colorless liquid that fills ventricles and canals of central nervous system fact: brain produces 500ml/day 100-160ml present at once |
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CSF vs. PLASMA |
more sodium and chloride than plasma but less potassium, calcium, glucose, and little protein |
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CSF circulation is driven by... |
its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia and heart beat |
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CSF order of movement |
Lateral Ventricles to Intervertebral Foramina to Third Ventricle to Cerebral Aqueduct to Fourth Ventricle to Lateral Apertures to Central Canal of Spinal Cord |
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CSF reabsorption |
arachnoid villi- extension of arachnoid matter protrudes through dura matter into superior sagittal sinus csf passes through walls of villi and mixes with blood in sinus |
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Clinical: Hydrocephalus |
water on brain, in kids its better than adults because kids skulls have more room and aren't as developed, fixed by shunt to move fluid away |
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Functions of CSF |
Buoyancy Protection Chemical Stability |
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Brain Barrier System |
regulates what substances can get into bloodstream entry points: 1. blood capillaries of brain tissue 2. blood capillaries of choroid plexus |
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Blood Brain Barrier |
protects capillaries through brain tissue |
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Tight Junctions |
between endothelial cells that form capillary walls |
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Astrocytes |
help prevent diffusion of things we don't want |
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Medulla Oblongata |
begins at foremen magnum, 3 cm between spinal cord and pons, slightly wider than spinal cord |
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Pyramids |
pair of external ridge on anterior surface, resemble side by side baseball bats |
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Corticospinal Tracts |
motor signals to skeletal muscle, descending fibers |
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Olive |
a prominent bulge lateral to each pyramids |
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Inferior Olivary Nucleus |
relay center for signals of cerebellum |
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Cranial Nerves |
4,5,11,12 IX,X,XI,XII functions: cardiac center, vasomotor, respiratory, other reflex center |
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Reticular Foremen |
loose network of nuclei extending throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers |
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Pons |
anterior bulge in brain stem, rostral to medulla functions: ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracts, pathways in and out of cerebellum |
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Cerebellar Peduncles |
connects cerebellum to pons and midbrain |
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Midbrain |
mesencephalon becomes the midbrain, connects hind to forebrain, contains reticular foremen, motor nuclei of two cranial nerves (III, IV) |
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Tectum |
roof of midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct |
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Corpora Quadrigemia |
superior colliculi- visual attention, reflexes, tracking moving objects (eyes) inferior colliculi- signals from inner ear to thalamus auditory reflex (ears) |
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Cerebral Peduncles |
anchor the cerebrum to brainstem components are tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus |
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Red Nucleus |
high density of blood vessels, connections to an from cerebellum for fine motor control |
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Substantia Nigra |
relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement lose of these results in Parkinsons Disease |
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Cerebral Crus |
bundle of nerve fibers that connect cerebrum to pons and carries corticospinal tracts (motor signals to skeletal muscle) |
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Reticular Formation |
clusters of grey mater through pons, midbrain, and medulla functions: somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation |
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Cerebellum |
known as little brain granule cells and perkinge in cerebellum contains: cerebellar hemispheres, vermis (connects both halves), gray matter, arbor vitae (branching white matter) |
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Cerebellum Functions |
monitors muscle contractions, evaluation of sensory input, timekeeping center, hearing, planning and scheduling tasks |
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Diencephalon |
3rd ventricle contains: thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Thalamus |
4/5's intermediate mass at superior end of brainstem beneath cerebral hemisphere functions: sensory relay, motor control, memory and emotional functions of limbic system |
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Hypothalamus |
major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (homeostasis) functions: hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, rhythm of sleep and waking, memory, emotional behavior |
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Infundibulum |
stalk that attaches the pituitary glands to the hypothalamus |
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Cerebrum |
Largest part of the brain sensory perception, memory, though, judgment, voluntary motor contains: cerebral hemispheres, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum, gyri and sulci |
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Frontal Lobe |
central sulcus (between frontal and parietal) function: voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning and memory |
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Parietal Lobe |
central sulcus function: receives general sensory info, taste, some visual processing |
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Decasate |
crossing over in the brain ex. left to right |
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Projection Tracts |
between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers (cerebrum to body, long tracts and crosses over) |
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Commissural Tracts |
between hemispheres (corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissures) |
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Association Tracts |
connects region within the same hemisphere
Long- connect to different lobes Short- connect to different gyri with in a lobe |
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Cerebral Cortex |
2-3mm thick, 40% of mass of brain, 14-16 billion neurons |
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Stellate Cells |
integration, receive sensory info, axons don't leave cortex |
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Pyramidal Cells |
output neurons leave the cortex |
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Neocortex |
6 layered cortex, 90% of human cerebral cortex relatively recent in evolution |
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Basal Nuclei
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signals to and from substance nigra motor commands to muscles to inhibitory response |
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Huntintons Disease |
affects basal ganglia (can't control limbs/hereditarty and shows up in 30s or 40s) |
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Parkinsons Disease |
affects basal ganglia, substania nigra |
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Limbic System |
emotion and learning Contains: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotion) |
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Gratification |
pleasure or reward (stimulated naturally) *meth- largest dopamine receiver, naturally occurring things won't be as good anymore* |
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Aversion |
fear or sorrow (learned) (______ therapy can be used to dismiss actions) |
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Higher Brain Functions |
sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language are interactions between the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei, brainstem and cerebellum, mainly the cerebrum, no defined boundaries due to communication |
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Electroencephalogram EEG |
recording the surface electrical activity |
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Brain Waves |
changes in voltage from post synaptic potentials to cerebral cortex |
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Alpha Waves |
8-13 hz, awake and resting with eyes closed suppressed when performing tasks |
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Beta Waves |
14-30hz, affected when doing tasks eyes are open |
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Theta Waves |
4-7hz, drosy and sleepy or awake and under emotional stress |
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Delta Waves |
>3.5hz, deep sleep |
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Vision |
Primary Visual Cortex (occipital lobe) Visual Association Area (much of inferior lobe deals with facial recognition) |
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Hearing |
Primary Auditory Cortex (superior region of temporal lobe and insula) Auditory Association Area (temporal lobe deep to primary auditory cortex) |
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Brocas Area |
generates motor program for speech, transmits to primary motor cortex then commands lower motor neurons that go to muscles if affected you can't get out words (left side of brain) |
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Wernickes Area |
recognition of spoken words and written words, plans speech formulates and sent to Brocas Area if affected you can speak but it doesn't make sense (left side of brain) |
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Equilibrium |
balance and sense of motion in space |
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Taste and Smell |
Primary Gustatory Cortex (partial lobe and anterior region of insula) Primary Olfactory Cortex (temporal lobe) |
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Somatosensory (general senses) |
tough, pressure, stretch, movement (crossing over) |
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Thalamus |
processes the input signals to Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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post central gyrus |
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Somatosensory Association Area |
caudal to the gyrus, makes cognitive sense of stimuli |
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Sensory Homunculus |
upside down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body *bigger the body part=bigger sensation* |
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Motor Homunculus |
Primary motor cortex, most upper motor neurons cross over |
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Premotor Cortex |
motor association area plans our behavior neurons design program for contractions |
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Primary Motor Cortex |
pre central gyrus signals sent to brainstem and spinal cord (muscle contraction) |
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Upper Motor Neurons |
cell bodies in primary motor cortex, 1,000,000 form corticospinal tracts of spinal cord |
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Lower Motor Neurons |
axons innervate skeletal muscle |
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Basal Nuclei |
determine the start and stop movements (highly practice and learned skills) |
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Dyskinesias |
movement disorders caused by lesions on the basal nuclei |
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Cerebellum |
Motor coordination, learning motor skills, hand eye coordination |
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Ataxia |
clumsy, awkward gait, lesion to the brain |
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Aphasia |
any language deficit (left side of brain) |
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Cerebral Lateralization |
difference in the structure and function of cerebral hemispheres, develops with age, men have more lateralization(greater deficits if damaged) |
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Left Hemisphere |
-spoken and written language -categorical hemisphere -sequential and analytical reading -breaks info into fragments in a linear way |
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Right Hemisphere |
-representational hemisphere -sees info as a whole -imagination -perception of patterns -music and artistic skills -compassion of senses |
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Cranial Nerves |
12 allow brain to communicate with the rest of the body, ipsilateral innervation (except optic and trochlear nerve) |
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Foramina |
where a nerve exists |
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Olfactory Nerve I |
Sensory sense of smell damaged leads to loss of smell |
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Optic Nerve II |
Sensory vision damaged causes blindness(partial or all) |
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Oculomotor Nerve III |
Motor muscles of eyeball, iris, lens, and upper eyelid damaged causes drooping eyelid, dilation, and double vision |
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Trochlear Nerve IV |
Motor eye movement (superior oblique muscle) damaged causes double vision and inability to rotate eye down and out |
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Trigeminal Nerve V |
Mixed three branches: most important sensory nerve for face Ophthalmic (v1)-sensory Maxillary(v2)-sensory Mandibular(v3)-mixed |
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Abducens Nerve VI |
Motor eye movement (lateral rectus) damaged causes inability to rotate eye laterally and eye would be pulled inwards |
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Facial Nerve VII |
Mixed 5 branches motor- major motor nerve of face (expressions and glands) sensory-taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue damage causes sagging face and loss of taste senses |
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII |
Sensory hearing and equilibrium damaged produces deafness, nausea, loss of equilibrium |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX |
Mixed swallowing, salivation, gagging, BP, breathing, sensations of 1/3 of tongue damaged loss of taste |
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Vagus Nerve X |
Mixed most extensive distribution (parasympathetic nerve) major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestion, urinary functions, swallowing, speech damaged causes hoarseness, if both lost its fatal |
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Accessory Nerve XI |
Motor Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement damaged causes impaired parts it controls |
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Hypoglossal Nerve XII |
Motor Speech, food swallowing if 1 is damaged tongue goes to damaged side if 2 are damaged tongue won't stick out |
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Bell's Palsy |
facial nerve, paralysis of facial muscles, 3-5 weeks |
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Trigeminal Neuralgia |
reoccuring episodes of stabbing pain triggered by touch, drinking, bathing may need to sever/cut nerve |