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132 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Major Functions of the Nervous System

1. Sensory Input


2. Integration


3. Motor Output

Rostral

Towards the forehead




Hint: Rostral rhymes with Nostril



Caudal

Towards the spinal cord or tail




Hint: Dal rhymes with Tail



Longitudinal Fissure

Location: Cerebrum




Function: Separates cerebral hemispheres



Gyri/Gyrus

Location: Cerebrum




Function: Thick folds (increase surface area)

Sulci/Sulcus

Location: Cerebrum




Function: Shallow grooves

Corpus Callosum

Location: Cerebrum




Function: Nerve bundles (axons) that connect hemispheres

Thalamus

Location: Diencephalon




Function: Relays sensory information


(40+ nuclei)

Hypothalamus

Location: Diencephalon




Function: Intersection to endocrine and nervous


system EX. hunger

Cerebellum

Marked by gyro, sulci, and fissures


10% of brain volume


50% of brain nerves



Brainstem

Contains:


Medulla Oblangata


Pons


Midbrain

Primary Vesicles

Forebrain (prosencephalon)


Midbrain (mesencephalon)


Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Grey Matter

Contains: Neuron, Cell Bodies, Dendrites, and Synapses




Color: Nissel Bodies (no myelin)




Forms/Found: Cortex (cerebrum and cerebellum)


Nuclei

White Matter

Contains: Bundles of axons




Color: White (myelin)




Forms/Found: Brain, Spinal Cord, Tracts

Ectoderm

Outermost tissue layer of embryo (nervous tissue and skin)

3rd Week of Embryo

Neural Plate forms Neural Groove forms Neural Folds

4th Week of Embryo

Neural Tube- hallow canal for brain and spinal cord




Neural Crest- Peripheral Nerves, Skeletal, Integumentary, Endocrine Systems



5th Week of Embryo

Forebrain (divides in 2)


Telencephalon- cerebral hemispheres


Diencephalon- thalamus & hypothalamus




Midbrain (doesn't divide)


Mesencephalon




Hindbrain (divides in2)


Metencephalon- pons & cerebellum


Myelencephalon- medulla oblangata



Meninges

Connective tissue that surrounds brain & spinal cord




3 Layers: Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Matters




Function: protect the brain & provide structural support for arteries & veins

Dura Matter

2 Layers (no epidural space)


Periosteal Layer- perineum of cranial bones


Meningeal Layer- continous with dura matter of spinal cord

Dural Sinuses

Location: Dura Matter




Large vein which drains deoxygenated blood

Folds: Falx Cerebri

Separates hemispheres of cerebrum

Folds: Tentorium Cerebelli

Separates cerebrum & cerebellum

Folds: Falx Cerebelli

Separates hemispheres of cerebellum

Arachnoid Matter

Transparent & Webbed




Subdural Space: between dura & arachnoid




Subarachnoid Space: between arachnoid & pia


(CSF)

Pia Matter

Follows brain contours and is microscopic

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges (bacterial or viral)




How its tested: Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap

Ventricles

4 internal chambers



Lateral Ventricles

One in each cerebral hemisphere




Intervertebral Foramen: pore that connects to 3rd ventricle

Interventricular Foramen

pore that connects to the 3rd ventricle



Third Ventricle

single narrow medial space beneath the corpus callosum

Fourth Ventricle

found beneath the cerebellum and pons, connects central canal of spinal cord

Choroid Plexus

blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle (tight junctions)

Ependyma

neuroglia that line the ventricles and cover capillaries of choroid

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

clear, colorless liquid that fills ventricles and canals of central nervous system




fact: brain produces 500ml/day


100-160ml present at once

CSF vs. PLASMA

more sodium and chloride than plasma but less potassium, calcium, glucose, and little protein

CSF circulation is driven by...

its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia and heart beat

CSF order of movement

Lateral Ventricles to Intervertebral Foramina to Third Ventricle to Cerebral Aqueduct to Fourth Ventricle to Lateral Apertures to Central Canal of Spinal Cord

CSF reabsorption

arachnoid villi- extension of arachnoid matter




protrudes through dura matter into superior sagittal sinus




csf passes through walls of villi and mixes with blood in sinus

Clinical: Hydrocephalus

water on brain, in kids its better than adults because kids skulls have more room and aren't as developed, fixed by shunt to move fluid away

Functions of CSF

Buoyancy


Protection


Chemical Stability



Brain Barrier System

regulates what substances can get into bloodstream




entry points:


1. blood capillaries of brain tissue


2. blood capillaries of choroid plexus

Blood Brain Barrier

protects capillaries through brain tissue

Tight Junctions

between endothelial cells that form capillary walls

Astrocytes

help prevent diffusion of things we don't want

Medulla Oblongata

begins at foremen magnum, 3 cm between spinal cord and pons, slightly wider than spinal cord

Pyramids

pair of external ridge on anterior surface, resemble side by side baseball bats

Corticospinal Tracts

motor signals to skeletal muscle, descending fibers

Olive

a prominent bulge lateral to each pyramids

Inferior Olivary Nucleus

relay center for signals of cerebellum

Cranial Nerves

4,5,11,12


IX,X,XI,XII




functions: cardiac center, vasomotor, respiratory, other reflex center

Reticular Foremen

loose network of nuclei extending throughout the medulla, pons and midbrain




contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers

Pons

anterior bulge in brain stem, rostral to medulla




functions: ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracts, pathways in and out of cerebellum





Cerebellar Peduncles

connects cerebellum to pons and midbrain

Midbrain

mesencephalon becomes the midbrain, connects hind to forebrain, contains reticular foremen, motor nuclei of two cranial nerves (III, IV)

Tectum

roof of midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct

Corpora Quadrigemia

superior colliculi- visual attention, reflexes, tracking moving objects (eyes)




inferior colliculi- signals from inner ear to thalamus auditory reflex (ears)

Cerebral Peduncles

anchor the cerebrum to brainstem




components are tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus

Red Nucleus

high density of blood vessels, connections to an from cerebellum for fine motor control

Substantia Nigra

relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement




lose of these results in Parkinsons Disease

Cerebral Crus

bundle of nerve fibers that connect cerebrum to pons and carries corticospinal tracts (motor signals to skeletal muscle)

Reticular Formation

clusters of grey mater through pons, midbrain, and medulla




functions: somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation

Cerebellum

known as little brain




granule cells and perkinge in cerebellum




contains: cerebellar hemispheres, vermis (connects both halves), gray matter, arbor vitae (branching white matter)

Cerebellum Functions

monitors muscle contractions, evaluation of sensory input, timekeeping center, hearing, planning and scheduling tasks

Diencephalon

3rd ventricle




contains: thalamus and hypothalamus

Thalamus

4/5's




intermediate mass at superior end of brainstem beneath cerebral hemisphere




functions: sensory relay, motor control, memory and emotional functions of limbic system

Hypothalamus

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (homeostasis)




functions: hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, rhythm of sleep and waking, memory, emotional behavior

Infundibulum

stalk that attaches the pituitary glands to the hypothalamus

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain




sensory perception, memory, though, judgment, voluntary motor




contains: cerebral hemispheres, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum, gyri and sulci

Frontal Lobe

central sulcus (between frontal and parietal)




function: voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning and memory

Parietal Lobe

central sulcus




function: receives general sensory info, taste, some visual processing

Decasate

crossing over in the brain


ex. left to right



Projection Tracts

between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers (cerebrum to body, long tracts and crosses over)

Commissural Tracts

between hemispheres (corpus callosum, anterior and posterior commissures)

Association Tracts

connects region within the same hemisphere



Long- connect to different lobes


Short- connect to different gyri with in a lobe

Cerebral Cortex

2-3mm thick, 40% of mass of brain, 14-16 billion neurons

Stellate Cells

integration, receive sensory info, axons don't leave cortex



Pyramidal Cells

output neurons leave the cortex

Neocortex

6 layered cortex, 90% of human cerebral cortex relatively recent in evolution

Basal Nuclei

signals to and from substance nigra motor commands to muscles to inhibitory response

Huntintons Disease

affects basal ganglia (can't control limbs/hereditarty and shows up in 30s or 40s)

Parkinsons Disease

affects basal ganglia, substania nigra

Limbic System

emotion and learning




Contains: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotion)

Gratification

pleasure or reward (stimulated naturally)


*meth- largest dopamine receiver, naturally occurring things won't be as good anymore*

Aversion

fear or sorrow (learned) (______ therapy can be used to dismiss actions)

Higher Brain Functions

sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language




are interactions between the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei, brainstem and cerebellum, mainly the cerebrum, no defined boundaries due to communication

Electroencephalogram EEG

recording the surface electrical activity

Brain Waves

changes in voltage from post synaptic potentials to cerebral cortex

Alpha Waves

8-13 hz, awake and resting with eyes closed


suppressed when performing tasks

Beta Waves

14-30hz, affected when doing tasks eyes are open

Theta Waves

4-7hz, drosy and sleepy or awake and under emotional stress

Delta Waves

>3.5hz, deep sleep

Vision

Primary Visual Cortex (occipital lobe)




Visual Association Area (much of inferior lobe deals with facial recognition)

Hearing

Primary Auditory Cortex (superior region of temporal lobe and insula)




Auditory Association Area (temporal lobe deep to primary auditory cortex)

Brocas Area

generates motor program for speech, transmits to primary motor cortex then commands lower motor neurons that go to muscles




if affected you can't get out words




(left side of brain)

Wernickes Area

recognition of spoken words and written words, plans speech formulates and sent to Brocas Area




if affected you can speak but it doesn't make sense




(left side of brain)

Equilibrium

balance and sense of motion in space

Taste and Smell

Primary Gustatory Cortex (partial lobe and anterior region of insula)




Primary Olfactory Cortex (temporal lobe)

Somatosensory (general senses)

tough, pressure, stretch, movement (crossing over)

Thalamus

processes the input signals to Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

post central gyrus

Somatosensory Association Area

caudal to the gyrus, makes cognitive sense of stimuli

Sensory Homunculus

upside down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body




*bigger the body part=bigger sensation*

Motor Homunculus

Primary motor cortex, most upper motor neurons cross over

Premotor Cortex

motor association area




plans our behavior


neurons design program for contractions

Primary Motor Cortex

pre central gyrus




signals sent to brainstem and spinal cord (muscle contraction)

Upper Motor Neurons

cell bodies in primary motor cortex, 1,000,000 form corticospinal tracts of spinal cord

Lower Motor Neurons

axons innervate skeletal muscle

Basal Nuclei

determine the start and stop movements (highly practice and learned skills)

Dyskinesias

movement disorders caused by lesions on the basal nuclei

Cerebellum

Motor coordination, learning motor skills, hand eye coordination

Ataxia

clumsy, awkward gait, lesion to the brain

Aphasia

any language deficit (left side of brain)

Cerebral Lateralization

difference in the structure and function of cerebral hemispheres, develops with age, men have more lateralization(greater deficits if damaged)

Left Hemisphere

-spoken and written language


-categorical hemisphere


-sequential and analytical reading


-breaks info into fragments in a linear way

Right Hemisphere

-representational hemisphere


-sees info as a whole


-imagination


-perception of patterns


-music and artistic skills


-compassion of senses

Cranial Nerves

12




allow brain to communicate with the rest of the body, ipsilateral innervation (except optic and trochlear nerve)

Foramina

where a nerve exists

Olfactory Nerve I

Sensory




sense of smell




damaged leads to loss of smell





Optic Nerve II

Sensory




vision




damaged causes blindness(partial or all)



Oculomotor Nerve III

Motor




muscles of eyeball, iris, lens, and upper eyelid




damaged causes drooping eyelid, dilation, and double vision

Trochlear Nerve IV

Motor




eye movement (superior oblique muscle)




damaged causes double vision and inability to rotate eye down and out

Trigeminal Nerve V

Mixed




three branches: most important sensory nerve for face




Ophthalmic (v1)-sensory


Maxillary(v2)-sensory


Mandibular(v3)-mixed



Abducens Nerve VI

Motor




eye movement (lateral rectus)




damaged causes inability to rotate eye laterally and eye would be pulled inwards

Facial Nerve VII

Mixed




5 branches




motor- major motor nerve of face (expressions and glands)




sensory-taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue




damage causes sagging face and loss of taste senses

Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII

Sensory




hearing and equilibrium




damaged produces deafness, nausea, loss of equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

Mixed




swallowing, salivation, gagging, BP, breathing, sensations of 1/3 of tongue




damaged loss of taste

Vagus Nerve X

Mixed




most extensive distribution (parasympathetic nerve) major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestion, urinary functions, swallowing, speech




damaged causes hoarseness, if both lost its fatal

Accessory Nerve XI

Motor




Swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movement




damaged causes impaired parts it controls

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

Motor




Speech, food swallowing




if 1 is damaged tongue goes to damaged side


if 2 are damaged tongue won't stick out

Bell's Palsy

facial nerve, paralysis of facial muscles, 3-5 weeks

Trigeminal Neuralgia

reoccuring episodes of stabbing pain triggered by touch, drinking, bathing




may need to sever/cut nerve