The Bacteria Cell

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2 exceptions of bacteria that have been discovered that can be seen with the naked eye

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1. Epulopiscium fishelsoni

2. Thiomargarita namibiensis

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A bacillus-shaped bacterium that is typically 80 um in diameter and 200-600 um long

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Epulopiscium fishelsoni

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A sperical bacterium between 100 and 750 um in diameter

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Thiomargarita namibiensis

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4 forms of bacteria

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1. Coccus

2. Rod or bacillus

3. Spiral

4. Exceptions to the other shapes

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Are spherical or oval bacteria

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Coccus

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4 arrangements of coccus

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1. One plane (Diplococcus & Streptococcus)

2. Tetrad arrangement

3. Sarcina arrangement

4. Staphylococcus

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A pair of cocci

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Diplococcus

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A chain of cocci

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Streptococcus

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Square of 4 cocci

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Tetrad

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Cube of 8 cocci

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Sarcina

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Grape-like clusters of cocci

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Staphylococcus

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Average size of coccus

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0.5 - 1.0 um

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Rod-shaped bacteria

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Bacilli

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3 classifications of bacilli

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1. Bacillus

2. Streptobacillus

3. Coccobacillus

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A single bacillus

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Bacillus

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Chain of bacilli

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Streptobacillus

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Oval or similar to a coccus

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Coccobacillus

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3 forms of spiral

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1. Vibrio

2. Spirillum

3. Spirochete

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A curved or comma-shaped rod

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Vibrio

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A thick, rigid spiral

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Spirillum

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A thin, flexible spiral

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Spriochete

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Examples of exceptions to the above shapes of bacteria

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Trichome-forming, sheathed, stalked, filamentous, square, star-shaped, spindle-shaped, lobed, and pleomorphic (variable in shape)

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The peptidoglycan is also known as

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Murein

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A homogenous layer of polymers of identical subunits lying outside the cell membrane

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Peptidoglycan/Murein/Cell wall

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Is a mucopolysaccharide consisting of a repeating disaccharide attached to chains of 4 to 5 amino acids

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Polymer

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The backbone of a peptidoglycan is made up of...

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1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

2. N-acteylmuramic acid (NAM)

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Four alternating D- and L- amino acids connected to the carboxyl group of the NAM

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Tetrapeptide side chains

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Tetrapeptide side chains may be directly bonded to each other or linked by...

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Peptide cross-bridge

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Transports cations, source of phosphate and counterpart of O polysaccharide

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Teichoic acid

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2 classes of teichoic acid

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1. Lipoteichoic acid

2. Wall teichoic acid

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Teichoic acid consist of 2 alcohols joined by a phosphate group

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1. Glycerol

2. Ribitol

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4 functions of teichoic acid

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1. Binds and regulates movement of cations in and out of the cell

2. Assume role in cell growth; regulate the activity of autolysins

3. Involved in storing phosphorous

4. Provide much wall antigenic specificity thus make it possible to identify bacteria by serological means

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Enzymes that separate the components of the wall to allow insertion of new subunits this prevents extensive wall breakdown and possible lysins

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Autolysins

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Lies outside the thin peptidoglycan layer

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Outer membrane

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The outer membrane is made up of 3

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1. Lipoproteins

2. Lipopolysaccharides

3. Phospholipids

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2 functions of outer membrane

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1. Evading phagocytosis and action of complement

2. Provides a barrier to antibiotics, lysozyme

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Enzymes that breakdown the cell wall of all gram positive bacteria

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Lysozyme

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4 components of outer membrane

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1. Lipoproteins

2. Lipopolysaccharides

3. Porin proteins

4. Specific channel proteins

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Links outer membrane to peptidoglycan

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Lipoproteins

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2 components of lipopolysaccharides

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1. O polysaccharide

2. Lipid A

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A sugar and functions as antigens and are useful for distinguishing species of gram- bacteria by serological means

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O polysaccharide

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The lipid portion or endotoxin

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Lipid A

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Toxic when in host's blood stream or GI tract that causes fever or shock

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Endotoxins

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Proteins that form channels; non specific permit molecules to pass

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Porin proteins

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Permit the passage of specific substances like Vit. B2, Fe, nucleotides and maltose

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Specific channel proteins

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Provide attachment sites for viruses and bacterions

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Specific channel proteins

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Region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane in gram- bacteria

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Periplasm

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Color of gram positive

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Purple

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Color of gram negative

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Pink or light red

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Has several layers of peptidoglycan

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Gram+

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Has a teichoic acid

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Gram+

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Has outermembrane

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Gram-

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Has a periplasm

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Gram-

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With high lipids and lipoproteins content

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Gram-

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3 atypical cell walls

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1. Archae

2. Mycoplasma

3. L forms

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Found on Dead Sea and existed on primitive Earth

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Archae

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Toxic in factories and unfilterable

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Mycoplasma

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Has no cells walls

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L forms

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Do not accurately react on Gram staining

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Mycobacterium

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Color of acid fast

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Bright red

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2 examples of mycobacterium

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1. Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen's disease or leprosy)

2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis or TB)

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2 parts unique in gram negative bacteria

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1. Outer membrane

2. Periplasm

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A network of polysaccharides extending from the surface of bacteria and other cells

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Glycocalyx

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Viscous, gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall

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Glycocalyx

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2 kinds of glycocalyx

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1. Capsule

2. Slime layer

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Irregularly shaped and not firmly attached

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Capsule

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Firmly attached

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Slime layer

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Bacteria that causes dental caries

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Streptococcus mutans

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3 components of flagella

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1. Basal structure

2. Filament

3. Hook

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Filamentous appendages extending outward from the plasma membrane and cell wall

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Flagella

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It is anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via series of discs

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Basal structure

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An "elbow"-like structure

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Hook

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The filament is composed of aggregates of a homogenous protein called...

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Flagellin

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4 flagellar arrangements

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1. Monotrichous

2. Amphitricous

3. Lophotrichous

4. Peritrichous

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Single flagellum, usually at one pole

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Monotrichous

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Single flagellum at both ends of the organism

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Amphitrichous

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Two or more flagella at one or both poles

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Lophotrichous

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Flagella over the entire surface

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Peritrichous

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Are the organelles of locomotion for most of the bacteria

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Flagella

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2 rotations of flagella

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1. Clockwise rotation

2. Clockwise rotation

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Result of clockwise rotation

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Tumbling motion and change in direction

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Result of counterclockwise rotation

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Straight or curved runs and no change in the direction

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Length of one run

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About 1 second

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Length of a tumble

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About one-tenth of a second

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Internal flagella found only on spirochetes

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Axial filament

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Two to over a hundred axial fibrils

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Endoflagella

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Thin, protein tubes originating from the cytoplasmic membrane

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Pili

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The pilus has a shaft composed of a protein called

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Pilin

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What do you call at the end of the shaft?

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Adhesive tip structure

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2 basic types of pili

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1. Short attachment pili or fimbriae

2. Long conjugation pili or "F" or sex pili

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4 structures outside the cell wall

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1. Glycocalyx

2. Flagella

3. Axial filament

4. Pili (fimbriae)

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2 compositions of cytoplasmic or plasma membrane

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1. Phospholipid

2. Protein molecules

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Sterol-like molecules

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Hopanoids

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Stabilizes the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

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Hopanoids

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2 movements of materials across bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

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Passive diffusion and active transport

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Percentage of water

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80%

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The site of most bacterial metabolism

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Cytoplasm

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Refers to the sum of an organism's genetic material

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Genome

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Small, circular nonchromosomal DNA molecules

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Plasmid

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It is a code for synthesis of a few proteins not coded for by the nucleoid

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Plasmids

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Composed of RNA and protein

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Ribosomes

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2 subunits of ribosomes

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1. Small subunit

2. Large subunit

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Function as a workbench for protein synthesis

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Ribosomes

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What is "S"?

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Svedberg unit

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3 major group of photosynthetic bacteria

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1. Cyanobacteria

2. Green bacteria

3. Purple bacteria

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Location of photosynthetic system of cyanobacteria

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Phycobilisomes

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Location of photosynthetic system of green bacteria

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Chlorosomes

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Location of photosynthetic system of purple bacteria

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Spherical or lamellar membrane systems

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Inclusion body that store nitrogen

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Cyanophycin granule

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Inclusion body that store phosphate

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Volutin granule or metachromatic granule

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Inclusion body that store sulfur

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Sulfur granules

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Endospores are produced by...

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1. Bacillus

2. Clostridium

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Process of making spores

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Sporogenosis