The 13 Colonies Chapter 4 Test

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Puritans

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Did not want to separate entirley from the Church of England. They were a religious group

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General Court

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An assembly where male church members elected representatives

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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A plan of government wrote by the settlers

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Religious Tolerance

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Willingness to let others practice their own beliefs

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Sabbath

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Holy day of rest

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Town Meeting

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Where settlers discussed and voted on many issues

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Charles I

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A king in 1625 who disapproved of the puritans and their ideas

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Founded in 1629; Puritans leaders persuaded royal officials to grant them a charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Part of the New England colonies, which are one of the first English settlements in North America. Prospered under the leadership of John Winthrop and other Puritans.

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John Winthrop

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a lawyer and a devout Puritan, was chosen the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. He and a party of 1000 Puritans arrived in 1630. He led by example: built his home, cleared land and planted crops.

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Great Migration

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The movement of people between 1629-1640 in which about 15,000 men, women, and children moved from England to Massachusetts

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Boston

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By 1685, Boston became the busiest and largest town in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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Thomas Hooker

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In May 1636, Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay and settled in Hartford, Connecticut. He believed that the government and other officials had too much control.

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Hartford

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Where Thomas Hooker led 100 Puritan settlers and built this town on the Connecticut River in May 1636.

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Roger Williams

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another Puritan minister who challenged the leaders of Massachusetts Bay. He also believed the Puritan church in Massachusetts had too much power. He wanted to separate church and state; he also believed in religious tolerance (a willingness to let others practice their own beliefs).

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Anne Hutchinson

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– A devout Puritan who fled to Rhode Island from Massachusetts. Because she questioned the minister’s teachings, in 1637, she was forced to appear in court. Since she told the court that God spoke directly to her, the court ordered her out of the colony. She became an important symbol of the religious freedom struggle.

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Metacom

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was chief of the Wampanoag Indians; was also known by his English name, King Philip. In 1675, Metacom was determined to drive English settlements off his land since settlers were taking over more of the Native Americans land. Metacom and other Indian allies destroyed 12 towns and killed more than 600 settlers.

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King Phillip

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Metacom’s English name was King Philip.

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the common

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New England became a land of tightly knit towns and villages. At the center of each village is a common, and open field where cattle grazed.

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Meetinghouse

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a place near the center of the village where Puritans worshiped and held town meetings.

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Gentry

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The top of the society It included wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, and royal officials. They could afford to dress in the latest fashions from London.

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Middle Class

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They were below the gentry they were farmers who worked their own land, skilled craftsworkers, and some tradespeople. They prospered because land in the colonies was plentiful and easy to buy.

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Indentured Servants

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These people were part of the lowest class, they signed contracts to work without wages for a period of four to seven years for anyone who would pay their ocean passage to the Americas.

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Gullah

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A distinctive combination of English and West African language the people who spoke it were African Americans

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Great Awakening

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It was a religious movement in the 1730’s and 1740’s it swept through the colonies and its drama and emotion touched women and men of all backgrounds and classes

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Public School

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Schools supported by taxes public schools allowed both rich and poor children to receive an education

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Tutor

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Private teachers

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Apprentice

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worked for a master to learn a trade of craft

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Dame School

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Private Schools run by women in their own homes because most schools in New England accepted only boys

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Enlightenment

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A movement from thinkers who believed in the light of human reason

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Libel

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The act of publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a persons reputation

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Negro Election Day

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When Africans elected a leader of their community. It was a truly American custom, blending traditions from Africa and England

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Jonathan Edwards

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He was a New England preacher who helped set off the Great Awakening. In powerful sermons he called on colonists to examine their lives. He preached off the sweetness and beauty of God. Also he warned listeners to heed the Bible’s teachings otherwise they would be sinners in the hands of an angry God headed for the fiery torments of hell.

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George Whitefield

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He was a English minister and in 1739 he arrived in the colonies. He drew large crowds to outdoor meetings. He called on sinners to repent

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John Locke

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– An English philosopher who wrote works that were widely read in the colonies. He said people could gain knowledge of the world by observing and by experimenting.

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Benjamin Franklin

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The best example of Enlightenment spirit. He built up a successful printing business at 17 in Philadelphia. His most popular was the poor Richard’s Almanack. He wanted to use reason to improve the world around him. He invented practical devices

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Poor Richards Almanack

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Benjamin Franklins most popular publication It contained useful information and clever quotes

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John Peter Zenger

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He published the Weekly Journal in New York City. He was arrested for publishing stories that criticized the governor. He was put on trail for libel.

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Mason-Dixon Line

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Divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies … Also the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland

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Act of Toleration

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“Lord Baltimore came to fear that Protestants might try to deprive Catholics of their right to worship freely. In 1649, he asked the assembly to pass an Act of Toleration. The law provided religious freedom for all Christians. As in many colonies, this freedom did not extend to Jews.

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Bacon’s Rebellion

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In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter, organized angry men and women on the frontier. He raided Native American villages, regardless of whether the Indians there had been friendly to the colonists or not. Then, he led his followers to Jamestown and burned the capital. The uprising, known as Bacon’s Rebellion lasted only a short time. When Bacon suddenly died, the revolt fell apart. The governor hanged 23 of Bacon’s followers. Still, he could not stop English settlers from moving into Indian lands along the frontier.

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Indigo

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A plant used to make valuable blue dye.

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Debtor

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People who owed money they could not pay back.

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Slave Code

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As the importance of slavery increased, greater limits were placed on the rights of slaves. Colonists passed laws that set out rules for slaves’ behavior and denied slaves their basic rights. These Slave codes treated enslaved Africans not as human beings but as property.

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Racism

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The belief that one race is superior to another

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Sir George Calvert

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In 1632 he persuaded King Charles I to grant him land for a colony in the Americas. Calvert had ruined his career in Protestant England by becoming a Roman Catholic. Now, he palnned to build a colony where catholics could practice their religion freely. He named the colony Maryland in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria, the king’s wife. Calvert died before his colony could get underway. His son Cecil, Lord Baltimore, pushed on with the project.

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Lord Baltimore

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Sir George Calvert’s son.

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Chesapeake Bay

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- In the spring of 1634, about 200 colonists landed along the upper Chesapeake Bay across from Englands first southern colony, Virginia. Maryland was truly a land of plenty. Chesapeake Bay was full of fish, oysters, and crabs. Across the bya, Virginians were already growing tobacco for profit. Maryland’s new settlers hoped to do the same.

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St. Mary’s

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The first town that the new settlers settled in in Maryland. It was on a drier location that Jamestown because of the known hardships.

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Margaret and Mary Brent

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A few women took advantage of Lord Baltimore’s ofer of land. Two sisters, Margaret and Mary Brent arrived in Maryland in 1638 with nine male servants. In time, they set up two plantations of about 1,000 acres each. Later, Margaret Brent helped prevent a rebellion among the governor’s soldiers. The Maryland assembly praised her efforts, saying that “the colony’s safety at any time [was better] in her hands than in any man’s”

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Nathaniel Bacon

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In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter, organized angry men and women on the frontier. He raided Native American villages, regardless of whether the Indians there had been friendly to the colonists or not. Then, he led his followers to Jamestown and burned the capital. The uprising, known as Bacon’s Rebellion lasted only a short time. When Bacon suddenly died, the revolt fell apart. The governor hanged 23 of Bacon’s followers. Still, he could not stop English settlers from moving into Indian lands along the frontier.

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Charles Town

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A group of eight English nobles set up a larger colon. The largest settlement, Charles Town, sprang up where the Ashley and Cooper rivers met. The colony became known as South Carolina in 1719 (name shortened to charleston) Most early settlers in Charlston were English people hwo had been living in Barbados, a British colony in the Caribbean. Later, other immigrants arrived, including Germans, Swiss, French Protestants, and Spanish Jews.

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James Oglethorpe

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A respected English soldier and energetic reformer, founded Georgia in 1732. He wanted the new colony to be a place where debtors could make a fresh start. He also offered to pay for debtors and other poor people to travel to Georgia.

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Savannah

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In 1733 Oglethorpe and 120 colonists built the colony’s first settlement at Savannah above the Savannah River.

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The Tidewater

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The earliest planters settled along rivers and creeks of the costal plain. Because the land was washed by ocean tides, the region was known as the Tidewater. The Tidewater’s gentle slops and rivers offered rich farmland for plantations. Most tidewater plantations had their own docks along the river, and merchant ships picked up crops and delivered goods directly to them.

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The Backcountry

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- At the base of the Appalachians, rolling hills and thick forests covered the land. As in Middle Colonies, this inland area was called The Backcountry. Attracted by rich soil, settlers followed the Great Wagon Road into the backcountry of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. The Backcountry was more democratic than the Tidewater. Another big difference was few ensalved Africans worked on samller farms in The Backcountry. The hardships of backcountry lif brought settlers closer together.

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The Middle Passage

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In the 1700’s, English sailors began reffering to the passage of slave ships west across the Atlantic Ocean as the Middle Passage

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Patroon

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To encourage farming in New Netherland, Dutch officials granted large parcels of land to a few rich families. A single land grant could stretch for miles. Indeed, one grant was as big as Rhode Island! Owners of these huge estates were called patroons.

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Proprietary Colony

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In setting one up, the king gave land to one or more people in return for a yearly payment. These properties were free to divide the land and rent it to others. They made laws for the colony but had to respect the rights of colonists under English law.

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Royal Colony

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A colony under the direct control of the English crown. In 1702, New Jersey became a royal colony.

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Quakers

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One of the most despised religious groups in England. Quakers were protestant reformers; there reforms went further than those of other groups, however. Quakers believed that all people were equal in Gods sight. Quakers spoke out against all war and refused to serve in the army.
Pennsylvania Dutch – Large numbers of German-speaking Protestants they became known as that because people couldn’t pronounce the word Deutsch which means German.

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Cash Crop

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Crops that are sold for money at market.

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William Penn

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He founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. He came from a wealthy English family and at 22, he joined the Quakers. Charles II issued a royal charter naming Penn proprietor of a large tract of land in North America. The king named the new colony Pennsylvania, pr Penn’s woodlands. He thought of his colony as a “royal experiment.” He wanted it to be a model of religious freedom, peace, and christian living. People went to escape persecution. He treated the Indians with extraordinary humanity and they became civil and loving to them.

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Peter Stuyvesant

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the governor of New Netherland who swore to defend the city. Also in war the colonists refused to help him. He surendered in the end without fireing a shot.

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the Duke of York

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King Charles II of England gave New Netherland to his brother, the duke of York. He renamed the colony New York in the duke’s honor.

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Philadelphia

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Most stayed in Philadelphia working as laborers. Penn carefully planned a capital city along the Delaware river. He named it Philadelphia, a Greek word meaning “brotherly love.” Philadelphia grew quickly and by 1710 a visitor wrote that it was “the most noble, large, and well-built city I have ever seen.”

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Mercantilism

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Like other European nations at the time, England believed that its colonies should benefit the home country. This belief was part of an economic theory known as __. According to this theory, a nation became strong by keeping strict control over its trade.

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Export

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Goods sent out to markets outside a country (sell)

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Import

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Goods brought into a country (buy)

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Navigation Acts

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The purpose of these laws was to ensure that only England benefited from colonial trade. These laws regulated trade between England and its colonies. Not all people liked or followed these laws though.

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Yankees

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A nickname that implied they were clever and hardworking. __ traders earned a reputation for profiting from any deal.

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Triangular trade

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A trade route
n.e-Rum guns cloth tools-w.africa
w.africa-enslaved africans-west indies
w. indies-sugar molasses- n.e
ne-fish flour lumber livestock-west Indies

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Legislature

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A group of people who have power to make laws upper and lower house- upper- Advisors appointed by government lower- elected assembly

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Glorious Revolution

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1688- Parliament removed king james II from throne and asked william and mary of Netherlands to rule. They won more rights because of the glorious revolution

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Bill of Rights

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A written list of freedoms the government

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English Bill of Rights

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Protected the rights of individuals and gave anyone accused of a crime the right to trial by jury.