Thai Grammar E

Front 1

pronunciation of consonant clusters

Back 1

Second consonant is often omitted in spoken Thai

Front 2

Placement of consonant clusters

Back 2

Only in word beginning

Front 3

Which consonant defines class of consonant cluster

Back 3

the first one

Front 4

two-syllable words with unwritten a: which tone of the first syllable

Back 4

medium

Front 5

two-syllable words with unwritten a: which tone of the second syllable

Back 5

the second consonant defines the tone of the syllable. or the first one if the second consonant is one of the consonants below

Front 6

classes of two-syllable words with unwritten vowel

Back 6

1. with unwritten a

2. with unwritten o in some words starting from br.

Front 7

Words written with rising tones but pronounced with high tones:

Back 7

Front 8

Words written with falling tones but pronounced with low tones:

Back 8

Front 9

Words written with long vowels but pronounced with short vowels:

Back 9

Front 10

Words written with short vowels but pronounced with long vowels:

Back 10

Front 11

words with a linker syllable

Back 11

Front 12

pronunciation

Back 12

hidden karan (the last consonant is omitted)

Front 13

pronunciation

Back 13

karan kill also the preceding consonant

Front 14

pronunciation of some Indian words

Back 14

the last short vowel is not pronounced

Front 15

pronunciation

Back 15

pronounced as the low class s

Front 16

pronunciation

Back 16

r is not pronounced

Front 17

pronunciation

Back 17

ending r without vowel is pronounced as -oon

Front 18

pronunciation

Back 18

1. as -an at the end of a syllable

2. if there is a consonant at the end of syllable, then pronounced as a

Front 19

pronunciation

Back 19

r is not pronounced

Front 20

pronunciation

Back 20

Low-class consonant

Front 21

order of a place name

Back 21

1. place type (e.g. street), then its name 2. the only exclusion is Chulalongkorn University

Front 22

how to indicate plural form of nouns?

Back 22

numbers or indefinite quantifier words, such as many, every, a few, can be used;

a very small number of nouns may be reduplicated as a means of indicating plurality

Front 23

Which words are more formal: Thai origin or Indian origin?

Back 23

Indian origin

Front 24

Types of compound nouns

Back 24

1. HEAD NOUN + NOUN ATTRIBUTE (rót fay)

2. HEAD NOUN + VERB (+ OBJECT) ATTRIBUTE (khon khàp rót )

Front 25

compound

Back 25

nák (‘one skilled in ...’) + VERB or NOUN

Front 26

compound

Back 26

phûu (‘one who . . .’) + VERB (but note last two examples with noun)

Front 27

compound

Back 27

bay (‘a sheet of paper’) + VERB

Front 28

compound

Back 28

roong (‘a large building’) + NOUN or VERB

Front 29

compound

Back 29

kaan (‘matters of ...’ ) + NOUN; kaan (‘act of ...’ ) + VERB

Front 30

compound

Back 30

khwaam (used to form abstract nouns ) + VERB

Front 31

compound

Back 31

thîi (‘person whom one . . ., place where . . ., thing which . . .’) + VERB

Front 32

what are co-ordinate compounds (samples)

Back 32

Nouns can occur together to make a new one where the second noun does not modify the first:

Front 33

three children

Back 33

NOUN + CARDINAL NUMBER + CLASSIFIER

Front 34

a child (undefined article)

Back 34

classifier before 1

Front 35

some ‘farangs’ (Westerners)

Back 35

NOUN + QUANTIFIER + CLASSIFIER

Front 36

every kind of fish

Back 36

NOUN + QUANTIFIER + CLASSIFIER

Front 37

not many letters

Back 37

NOUN + QUANTIFIER + CLASSIFIER

Front 38

the third child

Back 38

NOUN + CLASSIFIER + ORDINAL NUMBER

Front 39

the first book

Back 39

NOUN + CLASSIFIER + ORDINAL NUMBER

Front 40

which book?

Back 40

NOUN + CLASSIFIER + DEMONSTRATIVE

Front 41

that house over there

Back 41

NOUN + CLASSIFIER + DEMONSTRATIVE

Front 42

When a noun can be omitted in constructions like NOUN + CLASSIFIER + DEMONSTRATIVE

Back 42

when the noun is clear

Front 43

When a classifier can be omitted in constructions like NOUN + CLASSIFIER + DEMONSTRATIVE (e.g., That blouse isn’t pretty. )

Back 43

in spoken Thai

Front 44

those two blouses

Back 44

NOUN + CARDINAL NUMBER + CLASSIFIER + DEMONSTRATIVE

Front 45

an old book

Back 45

NOUN + ADJECTIVE

Front 46

that big house

Back 46

NOUN + ADJECTIVE + CLASSIFIER + DEMONSTRATIVE

Front 47

(these) two old books

Back 47

NOUN + ADJECTIVE + CARDINAL NUMBER + CLASSIFIER (+ DEMONSTRATIVE)

Front 48

the second old book

Back 48

NOUN + ADJECTIVE + CLASSIFIER + ORDINAL NUMBER

Front 49

the new shirt

(pattern to distinguish the noun referred to from other members of the same class)

Back 49

NOUN + CLASSIFIER + ADJECTIVE

Front 50

a high-ranking civil servant

Back 50

NOUN + NOUN

Some nouns can be used adjectivally to modify the preceding noun:

Front 51

my house

Back 51

NOUN + (khoong) + POSSESSOR

khoong is optional and is very frequently

omitted

Front 52

all of them

Back 52

Front 53

обращение

Back 53

1. friend or colleague

2. wives addressing their husbands

3. service-industry workers addressing customers

4. complete strangers striking up a conversation with someone older

Front 54

Are you (addressing Suwannee) free? (personal pronoun)

Back 54

Front 55

I (monk speaking)

Back 55

Front 56

you (monk speaking)

Back 56

Front 57

reflexive pronoun (typical), e.g. to sell oneself

Back 57

tua (‘body’) is used with first, second and third persons

Front 58

reflexive pronoun (smaller category of verbs)

Back 58

Front 59

The idea of doing something ‘by oneself’, e.g. We did it by ourselves.

Back 59

Front 60

emphatic pronoun: I myself did it.

Back 60

(tua) PERSONAL PRONOUN + eeng + VERB

Front 61

emphatic pronoun: I did it myself.

Back 61

PERSONAL PRONOUN + VERB + eeng

Front 62

emphatic pronoun: I myself was the one who did it.

Back 62

PERSONAL PRONOUN + eeng + pen khon + VERB

Front 63

the sense of ‘the very same (one) : this very friend

Back 63

eeng occurs after demonstratives

Front 64

Reciprocal: ‘each other’: We must help one another.

Back 64

SUBJECT + VERB (PHRASE) + kan (‘together’)

Front 65

Possessive pronouns: Yours is pretty.

Back 65

khoong (‘of’) + PERSONAL PRONOUN:

Front 66

Indefinite pronouns: something, somebody, somewhere

Back 66

= Interrogative pronouns

Front 67

go somewhere

Back 67

when thiinay immediately follows the verb pay (‘to go’) thîi is frequently dropped

Front 68

I’ll buy whichever one is not expensive.

Back 68

naˇy as an indefinite pronoun means ‘whichever one’; it always follows a classifier and normally occurs with ko dâay

Front 69

However I do it, I always make a mistake.

Back 69

yangngay as an indefinite pronoun means ‘however’, ‘whatever way’; it always follows a verb:

Front 70

expressions ‘whoever/whenever/whatever you like’: Buy whichever one you like, We’ll meet whenever you like, You can give however much you like.

Back 70

Indefinite pronouns occur before ko dâay

Front 71

Relative pronouns: The house where they live is small.

Back 71

A single relative pronoun thîi is used to refer to people, places and things

Front 72

формальная замена thîi в relative pronouns

Back 72

sueng can be used interchangeably with thîi but it is a rather formal-sounding word and much less common in spoken Thai

Front 73

relative pronoun: formal, stylised linking of noun and adjective (or stative verb)

Back 73

an also functions rather like a relative pronoun

Front 74

изменяются ли глаголы по временам

Back 74

нет. Thus pay can mean ‘go’, ‘went’, ‘will go’

Front 75

The verb ‘to be’

Back 75

pen, khue, mii and yùu

Front 76

pen (to be)

Back 76

- always followed by a noun or noun phrase

- the negative form ‘is not’ is either mây chây or mây dây pen;

Front 77

khue (to be): three plus four is seven

Back 77

- means ‘is equal to’ or ‘namely’ and it is used when giving explanations, clarifications and definitions

- also used as a hesitation device

- does not occur in the negative

Front 78

‘it’s not ..., it’s ...’ : She is not his girlfriend. She is his younger sister.

Back 78

mây chây ..., pen ...

Front 79

mii (to be): There are few Thais who can speak French well.

Back 79

- used to translate (there is, there are)

- often especially in written Thai, it occurs after the topic

Front 80

yùu (to be)

Back 80

yùu (‘to be situated at’) is used to describe the location of things

Front 81

verb compounds

Back 81

(a) VERB + NOUN;

(b) NOUN + VERB;

(c) VERB + VERB

Front 82

negate verb compound

Back 82

Verb compounds are negated by the pattern mây + VERB COMPOUND

Front 83

отличия resultative verbs от verb compound

Back 83

They differ in that the second verb describes a state that results from the action of the first verb; thus, sleep results from lying down and seeing from looking.

Front 84

negate resultative verbs

Back 84

VERB (PHRASE) + mây + RESULTATIVE VERB

Front 85

что такое directional verbs (примеры)

Back 85

The verbs pay (‘to go’) and maa (‘to come’) are used after a number of verbs or verb phrases as ‘direction markers’ to indicate whether the action of the verb is directed towards or away from the speaker. Other common directional verbs are khuun (‘to rise’), long (‘to descend’), 2 khâw (‘to enter’) and ook (‘to leave’).

Front 86

перевод directional verb: I’ll ring you back in the evening

Back 86

Front 87

I walked back and forth for ten minutes.

Back 87

pay and maa sometimes occur in the pattern VERB + pay + VERB + maa,

where the same verb is repeated, to convey the idea of the action occurring repetitively back and forth:

Front 88

scheme of modal verbs of possibility and probability: He probably won't come

Back 88

MODAL VERB (+ ca) (+mây) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 89

modal verbs of possibility and probability

Back 89

Front 90

scheme of modal verbs of ability and permission: I can’t help her.

Back 90

VERB (PHRASE) (+mây) + MODAL VERB

Front 91

modal verb of both ability and permission: Can I borrow your car?

Back 91

VERB (PHRASE) + dâay

Front 92

modal verb of the sense of knowing how to do something: I can’t cook.

Back 92

VERB (PHRASE) + pen

Front 93

modal verb of the sense of being physically able to do something: Be careful, it’s heavy. Can you lift it?

Back 93

Front 94

must, need, necessary to

Back 94

и tong

Front 95

negate modal verbs of necessity: It’s not necessary.

Back 95

mây + MODAL VERB + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 96

must not...: We must not forget.

Back 96

Front 97

modal verbs of obligation: You should’ve told me in advance.

Back 97

1. Obligation is expressed by: khuan (ca) (‘should/ought’) or nâa (ca) (‘should/ought’) before the main verb.

2. Both are most commonly negated by the pattern mây + MODAL VERB (+ ca) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 98

‘want to’ : She doesn’t want to talk to me.

Back 98

mây + yàak (ca) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 99

Future actions: Tomorrow he won't come

Back 99

ca + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 100

Completed actions: He has gone to work.

Back 100

VERB (PHRASE) + leew (‘already’)

Front 101

Attained state: That’s correct.

Back 101

Attained states: STATIVE VERB + leew

Front 102

Continuous action: I am/was reading

Back 102

Continuous actions, whether in the present or past, the pattern kamlang + VERB (PHRASE) + yùu (either yùu or kamlang may be dropped)

Front 103

Actions about to happen: I am/was about to go.

Back 103

kamlang ca + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 104

Actions that have just happened: I have just seen him.

Back 104

phueng + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 105

Single and habitual actions in the past: I’ve never seen it before.

Back 105

1. kheey + VERB (PHRASE)

2. it can occur with leew for added emphasis

3. When preceded by the negative word mây it means ‘never’ and often occurs in the pattern mây kheey . . . maa koon (‘never . . . before’)

Front 106

Negative past tense: I didn’t tell him.

Back 106

1. mây dây + VERB (PHRASE)

2. it cannot be used with stative verb

Front 107

past continuous tense: He has been studying Thai for many years.

Back 107

VERB (PHRASE) + maa + (dâay) +TIME EXPRESSION + leew

Front 108

Changed states: to worsen, to decrease

Back 108

STATIVE VERB + khuen/long

Front 109

action for future: He bought it to read another day.

Back 109

VERB (PHRASE) + wáy

Front 110

idea that the subject is doing something for himself: I’ve prepared things.

Back 110

VERB (PHRASE) + aw. Often aw is followed by wáy.

Front 111

Sense of ‘too bad it happened that way’: He came too late.

Back 111

One sense of sıˇa/sá is ‘too bad it happened that way’

Front 112

irritation or impatience that something has not happened: When will it stop raining?

Back 112

muearày ca + VERB (PHRASE) + sá thii

Front 113

Passives: I’ve been bitten by a mosquito.

Back 113

1. much less commonly in Thai than in English

2. restricted to sentences with a negative connotation, where the subject is a victim of something unpleasant,

3. SUBJECT + thùuk + (AGENT) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 114

Much less common than thùuk, but used identically is the passive-marker: He was beaten

Back 114

doon

Front 115

English passive sentences that carry a neutral or positive connotation can often be rendered by the pattern? We were invited to . . .

Back 115

SUBJECT + dây ráp (‘received’) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 116

Passive using NOUN: He was educated in America.

Back 116

SUBJECT + dây ráp + NOUN

Front 117

English passive expressions like ‘it is well known that . . .’, ‘it is generally accepted that . . .’

Back 117

pen thîi + VERB+kan+wâa

Front 118

Verbs of utterance, mental activity and perception: I hope (that) it’s not too spicy

Back 118

Verbs of utterance (‘say, whisper, call’, etc.), mental activity (‘think, remember, hope’, etc.) and perception (‘see, understand, know’, etc.) are

followed by wâa + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Front 119

Verbs of emotion: I’m sorry (that) I didn’t go.

Back 119

Verbs of emotion (‘to be angry, sorry, excited’, etc.) are generally followed by thîi + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Front 120

Casuative: express unintended causation : She dropped the cup

Back 120

SUBJECT (human or non-human) + tham + (inanimate OBJECT) + VERB

Front 121

Casuative: ‘to let someone do something’ or ‘to make someone do something’: They got me to come back next month

Back 121

SUBJECT (human) + hây + (animate OBJECT) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 122

Casuative: specifying the method of causing someone to do something (e.g. by requesting, telling, ordering, etc.): We want you to come back soon

Back 122

SUBJECT (human)+SPECIFYING VERB+hây+(animate OBJECT) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 123

Casuative: a sense of clear intention, co-ercion or non-accidental causation by the subject: Warm weather makes her feel good.

Back 123

SUBJECT (human or non-human) + tham hây + (OBJECT) + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 124

‘To give’: I gave him three books.

Back 124

- SUBJECT + hây + DIRECT OBJECT (+ kae) + INDIRECT OBJECT

- The preposition kae (‘to, for’) is frequently omitted

- quantifier follows the indirect object

Front 125

‘To give’: qualifier: I gave him books which I like.

Back 125

- the qualifier follows the direct object

- but the preposition kae becomes obligatory

Front 126

for someone: She passed me the letter.

Back 126

VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + hây + INDIRECT OBJECT

Front 127

Verb serialization: He went out to buy something and brought it back to eat.

Back 127

- a sequence of consecutive actions

- a number of simultaneous actions

Front 128

noun is modified by two adjectives: the large, red book

Back 128

NOUN+ADJECTIVE+CLASSIFIER+ADJECTIVE

Front 129

suffixes of compound adjectives

Back 129

cay (‘heart’)

nâa (‘worthy of’)

khîi (‘having the characteristic of’)

châng (‘given to/good at’)

huˇa (‘head’)

Front 130

modifications of adjectives: My language isn’t good enough.

Back 130

- usually ADJECTIVE + MODIFIER

- a few MODIFIER + ADJECTIVE (напр. mây)

Front 131

Special intensifiers: expensive

Back 131

Certain adjectives are followed by specific intensifiers can be translated as ‘very’

Front 132

simple repetition of adjectives

Back 132

- makes the meaning less precise, corresponding approximately to the adjectival suffix -ish in English

- sometimes indicates that the preceding noun is plural

Front 133

Repetition of adjective with tonal change: Ever so tasty!

Back 133

The meaning of an adjective is intensified by reduplication when the first element is pronounced with an exaggerated high tone, regardless of the normal tone of the word

Front 134

Comparison of adjectives: The air fare is more expensive than the last year

Back 134

ADJECTIVE + kwàa (‘more than’)

Front 135

Degrees of comparison: twise as expensive

Back 135

ADJECTIVE + kwàa, can be modified by the addition of degree adverbs, such as mâak (‘much, a lot’), yae(‘much, a lot’), nítnooy (‘a little’)

Front 136

equal comparison (standard):

- Nakhorn Phanom is as far as Nongkhai.

- Father and son are as tall as each other.

Back 136

- X + ADJECTIVE + thâw kàp (‘as much as’) + Y

- X + kàp (‘with’) + Y + ADJECTIVE + thâw (thâw) kan/ phoo(phoo) kan (‘equally’)

Front 137

equal comparison (only for non-quantifiable adjectives): Chinese food is as tasty as Thai food.

Back 137

X + ADJECTIVE + muenkan (‘similar’) + Y

Front 138

equal comparison (not loose to):The daughter has as sharp a tongue as her mother.

Back 138

X + ADJECTIVE + mây phae(‘not lose to’) + Y

Front 139

Interrogative comparisons: Which book is cheaper?

Back 139

QUESTION WORD +

ADJECTIVE + kwàa kan?

Front 140

Basic negative comparisons: Western food isn’t as good as/can’t beat Thai food.

Back 140

X + sûu + Y + mây dâay (‘X can’t beat Y’)

Front 141

Specific negative comparisons using adjectives: Western food is not as spicy as Thai food

Back 141

specific negative comparisons using adjectives are often reversed to produce a positive comparison: Thai food is spicier than Western food

Front 142

Excessives ("too ..."): The shoes are too tight.

Back 142

- ADJECTIVE+(keen) pay (‘too much’)

- keen frequently omitted, especially in spoken Thai

Front 143

Excessives ("too ...") with the additions of the degree adverbs: a little bit too late

Back 143

degree adverbs nooy (‘a little’), nítnooy‚ (‘a little bit’) or mâak (‘a lot’) can be added

Front 144

Superlatives: The most important thing is ...

Back 144

ADJECTIVE + thîi sùt ("most")

Front 145

Is there any difference between adverbs of manner and adjectives?

Back 145

No. Thus dii means both ‘good’ and ‘well’ and cháa both ‘slow’ and ‘slowly

Front 146

Adverb construction options

Back 146

1. VERB (PHRASE) + ADJECTIVE

2. VERB (PHRASE) + REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVE

3. VERB (PHRASE) + dây + ADJECTIVE

4. VERB (PHRASE) + hây + ADJECTIVE

-----

5. VERB (PHRASE) + ADVERBIAL PHRASE

Front 147

Adverb: He walks slowly

Back 147

VERB (PHRASE) + ADJECTIVE

Front 148

Adverb: He walks slow(ish)ly

Back 148

VERB (PHRASE) + REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVE

Front 149

Adverbs in commands: Speak up!

Back 149

- Reduplication is commonly used in commands

- Commands can be made more polite by the addition of nooy at the end

Front 150

Adverbs: VERB (PHRASE) + ADVERBIAL PHRASE

Back 150

- yàang is followed by a verb or verb phrase

- dooy by a verb or noun phrase

- dûay and pen by a noun phrase

Front 151

Adverbs: yàang: She smiled happily.

Back 151

VERB (PHRASE) + yàang + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 152

Adverbs: dooy: He spoke without thinking.

Back 152

VERB (PHRASE) + dooy + VERB PHRASE

Front 153

Adverbs: duay: He worked with difficulty

Back 153

VERB (PHRASE) + duay + NOUN PHRASE

Front 154

Adverbs: pen: She divided it into small pieces

Back 154

VERB (PHRASE) + pen + NOUN PHRASE

Front 155

Adverbs: When describing how well someone can do something: He speaks fluently

Back 155

VERB (PHRASE) + dâay + ADJECTIVE

Front 156

Adverbs: When giving commands as to how someone should do something: Dress respectably!

Back 156

VERB (PHRASE) + hây + ADJECTIVE

Front 157

Modification of adverbs: He doesn’t speak very clearly.

Back 157

- usually: ADVERB + MODIFIER

- a few: MODIFIER + ADVERB (напр. mây или mây khooy )

Front 158

Comparison of adverbs (all patterns): You are a better cook than me. (you – make food – more tasty than – me)

Back 158

The same as for adjectives, but with VERB (PHRASE) before the adjective.

Front 159

The ‘as . . . as possible’ construction (with repetition): He ran as quickly as possible.

Back 159

VERB (PHRASE) + yàang + ADJECTIVE + thîi sùt + (thâw) thîi ca + ADJECTIVE + dâay

Front 160

The ‘as . . . as possible’ construction (with tham ): I shall do it as well as possible.

Back 160

VERB (PHRASE) + yàang + ADJECTIVE + thîi sùt + (thâw) thîi ca + tham + dâay

Front 161

Position of yang (‘still’) in a sentence: I’m still hungry.

Back 161

Just before the verb

Front 162

Position of leew (‘already’) in a sentence: He’s already gone.

Back 162

Right after the verb

Front 163

Position of adverbs of time in the sentence: Before, I did not like it.

Back 163

adverbial phrases can occur either before or after the verb phrase

Front 164

Location and translation of the following adverbs of frequency

Back 164

only after a verb or verb phrase

Front 165

Location of the words thammadaa (‘normally, usually’) and pòkkati (‘normally, usually’)

Back 165

At the beginning of the sentence

Front 166

Location of baang khráng (‘sometimes’), thúk wan (‘daily’), aathít la soon khráng (‘twice a week’): Sometimes I feel bored.

Back 166

- before the subject of a sentence

- at the end of a sentence:

Front 167

Location and translation of the following adverbs of degree

Back 167

only after a verb or verb phrase:

Front 168

polite agreement (when a negative response would be tactless): Is he a good teacher? Well ... yes.

Back 168

Front 169

Difference between the adverb bâang and the similar-sounding baang: I can play a bit/somewhat.

Back 169

1. As a quantifier, baang (‘some’) is always followed by a classifier

2. bâang normally modifies a verb and conveys the sense of ‘to some extent’ or ‘somewhat’

3. bâang also occurs with Wh- questions, where it anticipates a plural answer

4. bâang never occurs with classifiers

Front 170

simple sentence stating the location of something: The house is over there.

Back 170

thîi follows the verb yùu (‘to be situated at’)

Front 171

Is thîi is optional after the verb yùu? : He is at home in the evenings.

Back 171

thîi is optional after the verb yùu, and frequently omitted:

Front 172

When is it necessary to add khâng before prepositions of place: It’s behind the house.

Back 172

- when a noun or noun phrase follows the preposition, khâng is usually dropped

- if no noun follows the preposition, khâng cannot be dropped

Front 173

Which prepositions of place phaay can be used with?

Back 173

Front 174

When is the prefix thaang (‘way’) used?

Back 174

- prefixes the words for sáay (‘left’) and khwaˇa (‘right’) when describing locations

- mue(‘hand’) may optionally be added to the end of the phrase

Front 175

Which prepositions are non-prefixed?

Back 175

between, far, near, opposite, on the edge of, along

Front 176

‘To’: He gave the book to me.

Back 176

- no preposition

- "speak to" uses the preposition kàp (‘with’)

Front 177

Options for "For"

Back 177

hây, phuea , saˇmràp and sùan

Front 178

"For" hây: Please shut the door for me.

Back 178

hây is used to express the idea of

- doing something for somebody

- getting someone to do something for you

Front 179

"For" phuea: I am working for our future.

Back 179

phuea can be translated as ‘for the sake of’ and often conveys an idea of altruism

Front 180

"For" saˇ mràp: This is for you.

Back 180

- ‘for’

- at the beginning of a sentence, ‘as for’

Front 181

"For" sùan

Back 181

sùan means ‘as for’ and is used to introduce a statement

Front 182

"For" duration: We are only going for two days.

Back 182

No preposition

Front 183

"For" reason (I'm angry for...): I am sorry that I’m late.

Back 183

reason clauses are introduced by thîi

Front 184

Travelling somewhere as a passenger in a vehicle: I went to Chiangmai by bus.

Back 184

nâng (‘to sit’) + VEHICLE + pay/maa + PLACE

Front 185

"By" method: How did you do it? (you – do – by – method – which?)

Back 185

dooy and duay

Front 186

Travelling somewhere and driving something: We went to Hua Hin by motorcycle

Back 186

VERB + VEHICLE + pay/maa + PLACE:

‘to drive’ – khàp (for cars), khìi (for motorcycles, horses, bicycles) or thìip (for pedal trishaws)

Front 187

"By" place: It is by the TV

Back 187

klây klây (‘near’) or khâng khâang (‘next to, beside’);

Front 188

"By" time: I have to finish it by Friday.

Back 188

koon (‘before’) or phaay nay (‘within’)

Front 189

‘With’ accompaniment: I went with a friend

Back 189

Accompaniment, in Thai, is conveyed by kàp:

Front 190

'With' instrument: She hit her husband with a stick

Back 190

SUBJECT+cháy (to use) + INSTRUMENT + VERB (PHRASE)

Front 191

'With' intrument: ‘to see with one’s own eyes’ and ‘to hear with one’s own ears’

Back 191

heˇn kàp taa (‘to see with one’s own eyes’) and fang kàp huˇu (‘to hear with one’s own ears’).

Front 192

‘From’: I got a letter from my mother.

Back 192

caak

Front 193

'since ... till ...': from morning till evening

Back 193

tângtae + TIME WORD + thueng (‘till’) + TIME WORD

Front 194

'since ...': from that day

Back 194

tângtae + TIME WORD + maa

Front 195

noun-pronoun apposition: Father bought a car.

Back 195

Front 196

Omit as many words as can: I must rush off and buy some for her.

Back 196

Front 197

topicalisation: As for the food and accommodation, it was alright.

Back 197

1. placing a word or phrase other than the subject at the beginning of the sentence

2. In spoken Thai, the particle nâ/nâa is often used at the end of the topic phrase

3. In written Thai, the topic is often introduced by sùan (‘as for’), saˇmràp (‘as for’) or rueng (‘about, concerning’)

4. the end of a long topic clause is often marked by nán and the verb in the following clause introduced by ko (‘so, therefore, well, then’)

Front 198

Conditional clauses: ‘if’: If it rains, I’m not going

Back 198

- pattern: thâa . . . ko + VERB

- alternative words for ‘if’ are thâa hàak wâa, hàak wâa, hàak tea wâa

Front 199

What can be omitted in conditional clause "if": If it rains, I’m not going

Back 199

1. ‘if’ word is omitted

2. and in abrupt speech, even ko

Front 200

Conditional clauses: ‘if’: alternative link words between the cause and the main phrase: If you don't hurry, you won't be on time.

Back 200

- lá ko (or lá koo, with a lengthened vowel on the second syllable)

- in which case the verb normally follows

Front 201

Reason clauses: The fact that he won’t agree to fly is because he is scared.

Back 201

kaan thîi ... ko+phro wâa ... (‘The fact that ... is because . . .’)

Front 202

Reason clauses: Because it was raining heavily, we were a bit late.

Back 202

kaan thîi . . . ko + VERB (‘Because . . . so . . .’)

Front 203

Reason clauses: what can be omitted? The fact that I spoke like that was because I was angry.

Back 203

kaan to be dropped and the sentence to begin with thîi:

Front 204

Reason clauses: Due to the heavy traffic jams, he will probably be late.

Back 204

nueang càak . . . ko + VERB (Due to . . . so . . .’)

Front 205

Reason clauses: What is commonly used instead of ko in written Thai? Because there is still no news, it is therefore impossible to say.

Back 205

In written Thai cueng is commonly used instead of ko

Front 206

Concessive clauses: ‘although’: Although I love her, she doesn’t love me.

Back 206

1. Concessive clauses begin with either (thueng) mae wâa (‘although’) or tháng tháng thîi (‘although’)

2. The main clause begins with tae (ko) (‘but’)

Front 207

Concessive clauses: ‘regardless’:

Regardless of how expensive it was, I still think it was worth it.

Back 207

mây wâa ca (‘regardless, no matter’) + VERB + QUESTION WORD; the main clause may be introduced by ko

Front 208

Purpose clauses: ‘in order to’: I did that in order to help a friend.

Back 208

Purpose clauses often begin with phuea (thîi) ca (‘in order to’)

Front 209

Additive clauses: ‘apart from’: Apart from Chiangmai, we went to Lampang, too.

Back 209

giving additional information is nook càak . . . leew ... yang ... (dûay) (‘apart from ... still ... (too)’)

Front 210

Time clauses: no sooner... than ... : No sooner does he sit down in front of the TV than he falls asleep.

Back 210

1. phoo ... púp (ko) ...

2. ... púp .... páp

Front 211

Time clauses: when (past) ... and when ... : When I was a student, I smoked a lot.

Back 211

1. muea ... (ko) ...

2. weelaa ... (ko) ...

Front 212

Time clauses: before ...: Before withdrawing the money, I’ll have to discuss it with my husband

Back 212

Before koon thîi . . . (ko ) . . . .

Front 213

Time clauses: while ... : While I was chatting on the phone, someone called me.

Back 213

1. khanà thîi ... (ko) ...

2. toon thîi ... (ko) ...

3. nay rawàang thîi . . . (ko) . . .

Front 214

Direct and indirect speech: He said, ‘I’m not going.’

Back 214

Both direct and indirect speech are introduced by wâa

Front 215

Imperatives: Look!

Back 215

A simple verb or verb phrase

softened by adding the mild command particle sí or theu‚ at the end of the sentence

Front 216

First person imperatives (‘Let’s . . .’): Let’s go and eat out!

Back 216

VERB (PHRASE) +theu

Front 217

Imperative (written instructions): Answer the (following) questions.

Back 217

cong is an imperative which appears in written instructions

Front 218

Exemplification: I have to do lots of things, such as washing, cooking and cutting the grass.

Back 218

1. chên . . . pen tôn (‘for example, . . .’)

2. either chên or pen tôn may be omitted

Front 219

Exemplification: ‘To give an example’: Let me give an example.

Back 219

‘To give an example’ is yók (‘to raise’) tua yàang (‘example’):

Front 220

Back 220

1. Used by male speakers only

2. it is not used in isolation with the negative mây

3. Often used humorously as a sign of exaggerated deference or politeness

Front 221

Back 221

1. Used by female speakers only

2. Used after a name to attract the person’s attention

3. Can also be used in isolation as a response when one’s name is called

Front 222

Back 222

1. Used as an informal substitute for khráp or khá

2. male pronunciation is characterised by a distinctive final glottal stop not associated with female usage.

Front 223

Back 223

1. Used by adult male and female speakers

2. when speaking to children, servants and people of inferior status;

3. between males and females denotes anything from easy familiarity to ‘sweettalk’

4. between females signals ‘best friends talk’

5. used as a response when one’s name is called (when the vowel is often lengthened to câa)

6. used in isolation as a ‘yes’ response

7. used after mây to 2 mean ‘no’.

Front 224

Back 224

An impolite or informal particle, used to indicate rudeness, anger and aggressiveness when speaking to strangers

intimacy with close friends of equal status

Front 225

Back 225

An impolite or informal particle, similar to wá/wâ, but restricted in usage to female speakers.

Front 226

Mood particle: Can I have the bill, please?

Back 226

Typically used in polite requests, apologies and cries for help

Front 227

Mood particle

Back 227

1. A contracted form of leaw (‘already’), one use of lá is to indicate that a state has been reached

2. It can also be used to indicate that a situation is about to change

3. Another use is with ìik (‘again’) to show mild irritation

Front 228

Mood particle

Back 228

1. occurs commonly in questions, as a way of pressing for an answer

2. In thammay lâ? and pay naˇy lâ? to hear lâ reduced to â

3. Sometimes the particle conveys a sense of irritation, similar to English ‘why on earth . . .?’

Front 229

Pattern "And how about . . .?": And how about you?

Back 229

pattern laew . . . lâ (‘And how about . . .?, What about . . .?’) to change the focus or topic of conversation

Front 230

Back 230

1. to make a sentence milder or less abrupt by seeking approval, agreement or compromise.

ná often corresponds to the use of ‘. . ., OK?’ (pay lá ná - I’m going now, OK? )

2. ná is also used when requesting someone to repeat a piece of information, similar to English ‘What was that again?’

Front 231

Back 231

1. Is used when persuading somebody to do something when they are reluctant (cf. Come on, . . .): yàa pay nâa Oh, come on, don’t go.

2. It is also used to highlight the topic of a sentence, in much the same way that some speakers of English use ‘right’. Women, right, are like that.

Front 232

Back 232

1. Polite request particle, basically meaning ‘just a little’

2. commonly occurs in requests that begin with khoo or chûay

Front 233

Back 233

Used as a response to show that the respondent thinks the answer is self-evident

Front 234

Back 234

1. Occurs most commonly at the end of negative statements to contradict the statement or belief

2. In positive statements it can convey a qualified or somewhat hesitant acceptance of the addressee’s statement or belief (koo cing look - That’s true (but . . .)

3. It can also be used to express sarcasm or mild annoyance

Front 235

Express mild annoyance: I can speak for myself.

Back 235

Front 236

Usage

Back 236

1. In commands

2. to emphasise a positive response to a question

3. to contradict negative statements

Front 237

Difference between short and long form

Back 237

- When pronounced with a short vowel and followed by a polite particle it is widely used in polite requests (‘Do sit down, please’);

- More insistent requests and commands are conveyed when the particle is pronounced with a falling tone and longer vowel (‘Sit down!’)

Front 238

contradict negative statements:

- He probably won’t come.

– Oh yes, he will!

Back 238

Front 239

Back 239

1. A mild, ‘urging’ particle, used in suggestions, invitations, requests and mild commands; can often be conveyed in English by "you’d/we’d better"

2. when joint activity is being suggested, it is often preceded by kan (‘together’);

3. often reduced to hae in informal speech.



Front 240

Pattern "you’d/we’d better ...": You'd better go home. It is late.

Back 240

Front 241

Back 241

- Polite request particle, basically meaning ‘just this once’

- similar in function to nooy‚ but much more restricted in use

Front 242

Negative words

Back 242

1. mây (‘not, no’), widely used in negative sentences and negative responses to questions;

2. mí, a variant of mây;
3. yàa (‘don’t’) and

4. hâam (‘to forbid’), both used in negative commands and prohibitions;

5. plàaw (‘no’), a negative response which contradicts the assumption in the question;

6. yang (‘not yet’), used 6 only as a negative response to . . . rueyang? questions

Front 243

Negating resultative verbs: I haven’t yet finished watching the film.

Back 243

The word yang can be added, either immediately before mây, or immediately before the main verb, to convey the sense that the action has not yet produced the intended result:

Front 244

Time clauses: after ...

Back 244

laˇng càak thîi ... (ko) ...

Front 245

Which auxiliary verbs are negated using: mây + AUXILIARY VERB + VERB (PHRASE)

Back 245

Front 246

Which auxiliary verbs are negated using: AUXILIARY VERB + mây + VERB (PHRASE)

Back 246

ca, àat (ca), khong (ca), mák (ca), yoom(ca), heˇn ca, theap(ca), thâa ca, duu muean (ca), tong

Front 247

Negating auxiliary verbs: You must not tell him.

Back 247

Front 248

Negating auxiliary verbs: You probably won’t be interested

Back 248

Front 249

Negating auxiliary verbs: You don’t have to tell him/There’s no need to tell him.

Back 249

Front 250

Negating auxiliary verbs: We don’t want to go home.

Back 250

Front 251

Which auxiliary verbs are negated using: VERB (PHRASE) + mây + AUXILIARY VERB

Back 251

This pattern occurs with the modal verbs expressing ability and permission, pen, dâay and waˇy

Front 252

Usage of mây dây + VERB (PHRASE)

Back 252

1. To form a negative past with verbs of motion, action, utterance, etc: My friend didn’t come.

2. To contradict an assumption.

3. To negate the verbs chue (‘to be named’) and pen (‘to be’)

Front 253

This isn't his house

Back 253

mây chây + NOUN

Front 254

It's neither ..., nor ...: It's neither vegetable, nor fruit.

Back 254

NOUN 1 + kO mây chây + NOUN 2 + kO mây cheang:

Front 255

mây mii

Back 255

1. mây mii (‘there are not’) is placed before a noun to form the negative quantifier ‘not any’ and ‘no’

2. mây mii is also used to negate the indefinite pronouns khray (‘anyone’) aray (‘anything’) and thîi naˇy (‘anywhere’)

Front 256

There’s nowhere suitable.

Back 256

Front 257

Negative intensifiers

Back 257

Front 258

‘not ..., not even a single ...’ : I don’t know even a single person.

Back 258

mây . . . mae tae‚ + CLASSIFIER + diaw

Front 259

Negative softeners

Back 259

Front 260

Negative softeners: The film wasn’t much fun.

Back 260

mây khooy also commonly occurs without thâwrày or nák

Front 261

Negative imperatives: Don’t ever, under any circumstances, ring me again.

Back 261

1. Negative commands follow the pattern, yàa (‘Don’t’) + VERB (PHRASE), or hâam (‘It’s forbidden to . . .’) + VERB (PHRASE);

2. both can be made more emphatic by adding pen an khàat or dèt khàat

Front 262

The sense that it is the wrong time for doing something: Don’t tell him just yet, OK?

Back 262

yàa pheang + VERB (PHRASE)