Tfd: Radiology

Front 1

X-rays

Back 1

ionizing electromagnetic radiation produced by high-speed electrons colliding w/ a target media like Tungsten

Front 2

Fluoroscopy

Back 2

continuous or pulsed x-ray that can give you a view over time. good for watching movement of diaphragm, GI tract, vessels, heart, catheters. downside: radiation exposure

Front 3

Oral contrast

Back 3

used to see GI tract

Front 4

IV contrast

Back 4

shows vessels, renal collecting system or specific organs. Intravenous or intraarterial

Front 5

2 types of oral contrast

Back 5

Barium sulfate and water-soluble contrast

Front 6

Barium sulfate

Back 6

good density/coating

Front 7

Barium concerns

Back 7

Don't use if concerned about leak >> can cause granulomatous response in peritoneum. Turns to concrete if it sits in colon for too long.

Front 8

water-soluble contrast

Back 8

Less dense and doesn't coat as well as barium. hypertonic solution - don't use if aspiration is a concern b/c it will pull fluid into lung.

Front 9

iodine-based vascular contrast

Back 9

use for CT, IVP, angiogram

Front 10

galladinium-based vascular contrast

Back 10

use for MRI; toxic and paramagnetic

Front 11

Interventional radiology

Back 11

uses minimally invasive techniques to treat or evaluate lesion

Front 12

CT

Back 12

uses rotating x-ray source to construct multiplanar images of patient

Front 13

CT good for

Back 13

finding abnormal morphology, in vivo "autopsy"

Front 14

Ultrasound

Back 14

uses sound waves to generate image (returning waves)

Front 15

Doppler US

Back 15

allows you to determine direction and velocity of flow

Front 16

MRI

Back 16

uses magnetic properties of tissue; no radiation.

Front 17

T1 MRI

Back 17

water is black, fat/protein is white

Front 18

T2 MRI

Back 18

water is white, fat/protein is black

Front 19

MRI vs CT

Back 19

MRI has better contrast, can image in any plane desired

Front 20

Nuclear medicine

Back 20

radioisotope injected into pt, who becomes source of radiation. ex: PET scan w/ radioactive glucose, bone scan

Front 21

average background radiation exposure in NC

Back 21

3-4 mSV/year

Front 22

biggest source

Back 22

radon

Front 23

abdominal CT exposure

Back 23

5-7mSV

Front 24

coronary angiogram

Back 24

5-10mSV

Front 25

CXR

Back 25

.1-.2 mSV

Front 26

how does radiation harm you?

Back 26

acts directly or via produced free radicals to disrupt/alter molecular structures

Front 27

stochastic effects

Back 27

probabilistic effects; likelihood related to frequency of exposure. severity not related to dose. either it happens or it doesn't. ex: cancer

Front 28

non-stochastic effects

Back 28

dose threshold (doesn't occur below certain dose); severity of effect related to dose. ex: skin redness, infertility, cataracs.

Front 29

radiation during pregnancy

Back 29

increases risk of malformation/childhood cancer. depends on timing/dose

Front 30

<2weeks

Back 30

all or nothing response

Front 31

2-8wks

Back 31

organogenesis; >100mGy

Front 32

9-15 wks

Back 32

greater risk >150

Front 33

MRI contraindication

Back 33

pacemaker, cochlear implants, ferromagnetic aneurysm clips, iron particles in eye

Front 34

iodinated IV contrast adverse events

Back 34

allergies, contraste nephropathy, extravasation

Front 35

iodinated IV contrast allergies

Back 35

tough to predict but asthma/multiple allergies increases risk. Pretreat w/ steroids.

Front 36

contrast nephropathy

Back 36

increased risk if renal insufficiency, DB, dehydration, CHF

Front 37

Gd contrast reaction

Back 37

nephrogenic systemic fibrosis >> increased collagen deposition in skin/diaphragm/heart/lung in small # w/ impaired renal function