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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In the anatomical postition
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the subject is erect with head facing forward
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The appendicular region of the body refers to
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the arms, hands, legs, and feet.
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A midsagittal section divides the body into
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equal right and left halves
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The diaphragm
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separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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Two structures that are on the same side of the body are
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ipsilateral
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The cellular organelle where ATP is synthesized is the
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mitochondrion
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A difference between rough and smooth ER is that
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rough ER has ribosomes associated with it
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Stem cells
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are found in tissues that exhibit regeneration
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An epithelial cell type that can tolerate stretching (as in the urinary bladder)
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is called transtitional
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The framework for almost every tissue is composed of
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Connective tissue proper.
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The two subdivisions of blood are
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Plasma and formed elements
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Organs
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are composed of two or more tissues
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The cells in the skin that are responsible for color are
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melanocytes
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Skin cells are renewed from the deepest epidermal layer, called the
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Stratum germanitivum
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Which statement about epidermal glands is correct?
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Mammary glands are modified sweat glands
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The resilient response of the skin to mechanical distortion
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is attributed to the connective tissue of the dermis
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Homeostasis in the human body is valuable because
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It provides a regulated environment in which cells can perform their specialized functions.
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Isotopes of physiologically important elements reveal that
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there is turnover in the composition of all body constituents.
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According to the principle of negative feedback,
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detection of deviation from the set point value drives changes that minimize the deviation
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Which statement does NOT describe a determinant of the rate of diffusion
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the larger the concentration gradient, the slower the diffusion
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the Nernst equation expresses a mathematical relationship between
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Elecetrical and chemical energy
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What two factors make K+ more important the Na+ in determining the resting potential?
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the membrane is more permeable to K+, and the concentration gradient is higher for K+
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Large, lipid insoluble molecules can cross membranes
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by interacting with transport membranes
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Endocytosis
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is a mechanism for removing surface receptors.
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Osmosis
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is diffusion of water from areas of higher water concentration to areas of lower water concentration
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Swelling or shrinkage of cells can be avoided if
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the environment of the cells is isotonic to the cytoplasm
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The subatomic particle that is uncharged is the
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neurtron
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Isotopes
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are forms of an element that have different atomic weights
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To be radioactive, an element must
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Undergo a decay process, emitting high-energy particles from its nucleus.
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Chemical bonds
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form when electrons in the outer orbital of atoms interact
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Which of the following is present in the highest concentration in the cytoplasm?
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K+
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Valence is defined as
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how many electrons the element can accept or donate
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A polar bond results when
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the electron donor and acceptor are of unequal strength
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The diversity of biological compounds containing carbon is due to
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it's valence is either +4 or -4
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The strongest type of chemical bond is the
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covalent bond
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Growth, repair, and storage of energy involve what kind of process?
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Anabolic processes
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When a donor atom donates electrons,
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it is oxidized
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Hydrogen bonds
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form between hydrogens bonded to nitrogen or oxygen
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The energy barrier that reactants must cross to become products is called the
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the activation energy
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When a system that contains reactants and products is at equilibrium,
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the concentrations of reactants and product remain constant.
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Enzymes are
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proteins that act as catalysts to promote reactions at body temperatures
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The ration of the volume of the intracellular body fluid compartment to that of the extracellular compartment is about
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2:1
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One of the consequences of the fact that water is a polar covalent compound is that
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interactions between the molecules results in surface tension
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Pulmonary surfactant
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reduces the surface tension in the lungs.
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A one molar solution of any chemical compound contains
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Avogadro's number (6.023 x 10(23)) of molecules in a liter of water.
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A 1 M MgCL2 solution
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has a Mg2+ concentration of 2Eq/l.
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The force of gravity acting on blood held in a container
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will result in the settling of the suspended RBC's
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The definition of pH is
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the log of the inverse of the hydrogen ion concentration (log[1/(H+)]).
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When a polar covalent bond in a water molecule is broken
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ions called the hydrogen ion and the hydroxyl ion are released
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In our bodies, the products of metabolism
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are mostly acidic
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If some strong acid is added to a solution buffered with bicarbonate buffer,
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some of the added H+ will react with the HCO3- preventing a large decrease in the pH
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Glycogen
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is a polysaccharide
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Isomers are
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molecules that have the smae chemical formula
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Lactic acid that appears in the bloodstream during exercise is
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metabolized to CO2 after exercise, as part of the repayment of the oxygen debt.
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Unsaturated fatty acids
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have one or more double bonds
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In cell membranes
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a bilayer is formed of two layers of amphipathic molecules
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Prostaglandins
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have their synthesis blocked by anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin
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Amino acids
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are the building blocks of proteins
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Molecular chaperones
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can assist in the folding of proteins
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Enzymes can catalyze chemical reactions because
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they bring the substrates into proper orientation with each other for bond formation
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An allosteric action
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is a regulatory interaction with a site on an enzyme other than its active site.
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A difference between DNA and RNA is that
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They have the same bases, except DNA incorporates thymidine and RNA incorporates uracil
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A gene
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is the code for a particular protein that is stored in the DNA sequence.
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Messenger RNA is
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formed in the first step of gene expression
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The diploid number of chromosomes
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is 46 in humans
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Bone is a tissue that
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is composed of living cells surrounded by compact or cancellous (spongy) mineral deosits
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A long bone, such as a leg bone,
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grows during development in the region called an epiphyseal plate
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Bone growth is affected by
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growth factors called somatomedins that are produced in response to growth hormoen
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bones that continue to grow throughout adulthood include
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flat bones of the face
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what statement about hormonal control over bone growth is correct?
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a defect in growth hormone secretion results in one form of dwarfism.
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Osteoporosis
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is decalcification of the bone
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Externally, bones are described by features that relate to their shape and functions. Which statement is correct?
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A head is the proximal, expanded end of a long bone.
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As a child matures, the sutures of the cranial bones become more and more
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syathrotic
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Circumduction is a term that describes what sort of movement?
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Describing a cone in space.
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Supination is
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rotation of the arm so that the palm faces anteriorly
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A bone that partly encloses the pituitary gland is
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the sella turcia
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The soft spot of a baby's head are called
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the anterior fontanel and the posterior fontanel.
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The intervertebral discs
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are in contact with the vertebrae's centrum.
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The vertebrae
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are fused in the sacrum
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The true ribs
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are connected to the sternum by costal cartilages
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the body or centrum of the vertebrae
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is kidney shaped in the lumbar region.
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Comparing the pelvic girdle with the pectoral girdle, which statement is true?
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the ilium, ischium, and pubis are fused bones in the pelvic girdle
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The origin of the biceps muscle is
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the coracoid process
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the head of the humerus articulates with
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the glenoid cavity of the scapula
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The "leg" is properly defined as
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the part of the lower limb from the knee to the ankle
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the tarsals
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include the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and three cuneiform bones.
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The muscle type that is characterized by small cells and no striations is
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smooth
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Muscle cells or fibers are each wrapped in connective tissue called the
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endomysium
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the more movable attachment of a muscle is called its
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insertion
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Bundles of muscle cells called fascicles
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form a strap or spindle if they run parallel within a muscle
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The classes of lever action typically exhibited by muscles and bones include
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third class, in which the load is moved rapidly but with a mechanical disadvantage
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The neurotransmitter that is released at the neuromuscular junction is
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acetylcholine
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The types of muscle that sarcomeres are
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skeletal and cardiac muscle
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When a motor neuron is excited,
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all the muscle fibers serve by that motor neuron are activated
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The difference between isotonic and isometric contractions is that
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in an isometric contraction, the muscle is not allowed to shorten
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In sarcomeres,
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access to actin binding sites is controlled by tropomyosin and troponin.
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In muscle contraction,
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crossbridges form between myosin heads and actin binding sites.
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In excitation contraction coupling,
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Ca++ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to the action potential
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The voltage sensors of the T-tubular endfeet
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regulate the Ca++ release channels
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Crossbridge cycling continues
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as long as Ca++ is present
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