Test Review

Front 1

Why were the Great Plains considered uninhabitable?

Back 1

There was little rainfall, it was treeless and grassy, and there was no way for farmers to pull water up from the ground.

Front 2

What factors encouraged cowboys to set out for the Great Plains?

Back 2

The grassy land was great for supporting cattle so the cowboys could earn alot of money. Cowboys would use the five railroads crossing the Great Plains to ship the cows to markets.

Front 3

Describe the lifestyle of a cowboy.

Back 3

It was difficuly, dangerous and hot. They had to face bad weather, stampedes, outlaws, and hostile Indains. It was also very lonely for the cowboys. When the cowboys were finnished with a long cattle drive, they would often "hurrah" a town which meant riding into town at breakneck speed and firing their guns into the air.

Front 4

How did the Homestead Act of 1862 encourage settlement of the Great Plains?

Back 4

The act granted 160 acres of public land to any settler who would live on it for five years. After the Civil War ended, land-hungry farmers from the South and the East migrated to the Great Plains to take advantage of the free offer. Thousands of immigrants from northern Europe also joined the rush.

Front 5

What inventions made settlement of the Great Plains possible?

Back 5

The John Deere's steel plow, which solved the problem of turning the heavy, grassy soil of the region. Windmills could draw water up from deep wells. The latter device made irrigation of the Great Plains a reality.Barbed wire was useful in keeping cattle from trodding on and destroying valuable crops.

Front 6

What events closed the American Frontier?

Back 6

Cattlemen became upset with homesteaders because they began fencing off valuable grazing land. Cattlemen in masks would ride across the land, cutting barbed wire fences terrorizing homesteaders.The cattlemen were also angry with the sheepherders. Cowboys complained that the sheep ate the grass too close to the ground, killing the roots and leaving nothing left for the cattle. Cowboys attacked sheepherders and their sheep at night, shooting or clubbing the sheep to death. The sheepherders were often killed too. The government sided with the homesteaders and small ranchers against the big cattle owners. After 1890, those in the cattle buisness were forced to retreat to the Southwest. On April 22, 1889, Oklahoma Territory was open for settlement and within 24 hours, Oklahoma had a poplutaion of 50,000 people. The area of settlement filled up quickly-and the frontier was no more.

Front 7

What jobs did women and men have on the Great Plains?

Back 7

Women's jobs often included cleaning, washing, child care, gardening, cooking, and sewing. Men's jobs often included farming, buying things from markets and making trades.

Front 8

Describe a homestead and the way of life in the West.

Back 8

A homestead is the property that a family lived on in the Great Plains. They would live in small sod houses with little furniture. Life was hard in the West because the settlers had to cope with the dryness of the region, the loneliness, grasshoppers, prairie fires, tornadoes, snowstorms, and the occcasional hostile Indian. Every member of the family would help out, even young children.

Front 9

What was life like for the Native Americans of the Great Plains?

Back 9

The Native Americans kept losing more and more of their land to the Government and the settlers. By 1885, most Indians had been confined to reservations. Life was also getting harder for them because the settlers were killing the buffalo, which was their main resource.

Front 10

What attempts did the U.S. government make to keep peace with the Native Americans?

Back 10

In 1851, the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Crow Indians signed a treaty with the U.S. government that granted safe passage to wagon trains crossing the Plains on their way West, and in return they recieved annual payments from Washington. However, this treaty was broken by a cow in 1854. There was also a treaty that made the Black Hills of South Dakota region off-limits to whites, but when gold was found, miners were swarming over the hills. The government also put many Indians in reservations so they could learn to be farmers. The government hoped that this would ease the tension between the settlers and the Indians, but it didn't work.

Front 11

Sand Creek Massacre

Back 11

This effected the Native Americans because it killed many of them. In November of 1864, Colonel John M. Chivington led a raid on the camp of Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle at Sand Creek. The chief, thinking he was under government protection, had an American flag flying from his teepe and was confident Chivington's men meant to harm, but they opened fire and killed about 300 Indians. Two-thirds of them were women and children.

Front 12

Discovery of gold in the Black Hills

Back 12

The Black Hills was sacred to the Sioux, so when gold seekers rushed in, they were infuriated. They were later forced to leave the Black Hills and move onto a different reservation.

Front 13

The completion of the transcontinental railroad

Back 13

The transcontinental railroad in 1869 brought even more settlers to the West. The world of the Native Americans shrank with each passing year, and they felt that they had no choice but to fight for their survival, and they did, which caused alot of conflict between them and the Americans.

Front 14

The Battle of Little Bighorn

Back 14

The Native Americans won the Battle of Little Bighorn, but they paid dearly for their triumph. Over the coming months, they were pursued by army troops until most were rounded up and placed on reservations.

Front 15

Wounded Knee Massacre

Back 15

Chief Bigfoot was leading his band back to the reservation, after fleeing, when they were intercepted by the troops who tried to disarm them. An Indian's rifle accidently discharged, and the soilders opened fire. Most of the Indians were unarmed. Almost 200 Sioux, many women and children, were killed. With this massacre at Wounded Knee 1890, the Indian Wars in the West came to and end.

Front 16

Ghost Dance

Back 16

Soilders in South Dakota thought the Ghost Dance meant an Indian uprising was in the making. In their nervousness, they shot and killed Sitting Bull. When this happened, some Sioux fled the reservation in fear of their lives.

Front 17

Daws Act

Back 17

The Daws Act was meant to change the Native Americans into farmers by granting them the land and tools they needed to get started. However, the Native Americans did not have enough money and experience to become sucesfull.

Front 18

Why did Italians, Russians and Jews flee their homelands? Push/Pull factors

Back 18

The Push factors were that there was starvation, poverty, disease, and high taxes in their homelands. The Pull factors were the thought that the streets were supposed to be paved with gold, opportunity, adventure, excitement, and money.

Front 19

Describe a pogram

Back 19

An organized, often officially encouraged massacre or persecution of a minority group, especially one conducteded against Jewish people. The police often did not help solve the problem, and sometimes a police would be involved with the pogram.

Front 20

What happened to the immigrants at Ellis Island?

Back 20

When they first walk in they are watched by doctors from the United States Public Health Service to see if they have any obvious signs of sickness. Every arriving immigrant faced a medical inspection and a legal inspection. If the immigrants pass these inspections, then they were allowed in America, but if they did not pass, they were sent back to their homeland.

Front 21

In what ways were immigrants victims of discrimination and hostility?

Back 21

Some races were not allowed to do things that others could, like getting hired for jobs. Immigrants might get attacked by people who didn't like their religion and race.

Front 22

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why was it passed?

Back 22

The Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese people from immigrating into America. It was passed because Americans thought that Chinese people were stifling job opportunities for Americans. The Americans also didn't like how different their culture was, and how they were not trying to take on American culture. They took this as a sign that the Chinese were tainting American purity and did not have the country's best interests in mind.

Front 23

What other limits were put on immigration during this time period?

Back 23

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 placed quotas on the amount of immigrants from each country allowed to enter the United States annually.

Front 24

What were the Push/Pull factors of immigration?

Back 24

The Push factors were that there was starvation, poverty, disease, and high taxes in their homelands. The Pull factors were the thought that the streets were supposed to be paved with gold, opportunity, adventure, excitement, and money.

Front 25

Describe life in the tenements

Back 25

It was crowded, unsanitary, extremely hot in the warmer seasons and extremly cold in the colder ones, smelly, the tenements were very small (usually only three rooms), poorly constructed, and poorly ventilated.

Front 26

What contributions did immigrants make to the nation?

Back 26

Immigrants made many contributions such as, different religions, foods, clothing, and holidays.

Front 27

How did business practices change during this period?

Back 27

There were new inventions that made processing goods easier to do in less amount of time.

Front 28

How did Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller and Morgan influence business practices?

Back 28

They created a new form of business organization called a corporation, which is owned by many investors. Investors buy stocks which allows the investors to raise large amounts of money to grow their buisness and provides investors with opprtunities to make money if the corporation is sucesfull. The corporation replaced the smaller businesses, which meant there was no competition.

Front 29

What is their legacy?

Back 29

Their legacy is the creation of corporations and monopolys.

Front 30

Were the business leaders of the time Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?

Back 30

They were Robber Barons because they ran the small companies out of business and the monopolys were only good for the business leaders, but very bad for the people who bought the goods. Also, they treated their workers very poorly.

Front 31

What new inventions encouraged industrialization?

Back 31

The typewriter, the electric sewing machine, the bicycle, the adding machine, the Corliss steam engine, improved steel processing and oil refining, the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the transatlantic telegraph cable, andn the telephone.

Front 32

What were working conditions like for the average American laborer?

Back 32

The working conditions were horrible. Workers would get body parts cut off, and would often die of disease caused in the work factory or by the machines. They worked long house with low pay. The work they did was repetitive and boring. If they could no longer do work, then they would be fired because there were many people who could replace the worker.

Front 33

How did labor unions work?

Back 33

A labor union is when a group of workers band together to seek better working conditions.

Front 34

Why did workers join labor unions?

Back 34

They joined labor unions to try to get better working conditions.

Front 35

What role did railroads play in the industrialization of America?

Back 35

Trains could carry raw materials and finnished goods throughout the nation. The railroad encouraged mass production, and mass consumption. As railroads crossed the nation, many smaller towns on their routes grew into big cities.

Front 36

What were long term effects of the period of industrialization?

Back 36

Long term effects include the using up of the natural resources, pollution, and America now has many different races and cultures living here because of all the people who immigrated here during the Gilded Age.

Front 37

Why was this period called the Gilded Age?

Back 37

Gilded means that it looks beautiful on the outside, but inside it is not valuable. During the Gilded Agel, America seemed like such a good place due to all the new inventions, but on the inside America had many problems like terrible working conditions, bad living places, poverty and hunger.

Front 38

Bessemer Process

Back 38

A new way of making steel that was developed in the 1850s and caused steel production to soar.

Front 39

Corporation

Back 39

A business owned by investors who buy part of the company through shares of stock.

Front 40

Monopoly

Back 40

A company that eliminates its competitors and controls an industry.

Front 41

Trust

Back 41

A legal body created to hold stock in many companies, often in the same industry.

Front 42

Haymarket Riot

Back 42

In 1886, a union protest resulted in about 100 dead after an unknown person threw a bomb, and the police opened fire on the crowd.

Front 43

Philanthropist

Back 43

A person who gives large sums of money to charities.

Front 44

AFL-Eugene Debbs

Back 44

He called on all U.S. railroad workers to refuse to handle Pullman cars.

Front 45

Transcontinental Railroad

Back 45

A railroad that spanned the entire continent.

Front 46

Capitalism

Back 46

An economic system in which resources and means of production are privatley owned and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined mainly by competition in a free market.

Front 47

Dividend

Back 47

An individual share of something distributed.

Front 48

Free Enterprise

Back 48

Anyone can start their own buisness.

Front 49

Stock/Stockholder

Back 49

A quantity of something that is obtained out of the total amount of money/ the people who obtain the stock

Front 50

Sweatshops

Back 50

Places where workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages. Often children and adults worked.