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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define the physical dimension of health |
The physical dimension of health is the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness. |
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Define the mental dimension of health |
The mental dimension of health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. |
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Define the social dimension of health |
The social dimension of health is being able to interact with others and participate in the community, both independently and cooperatively. |
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Define health status |
Health status is the level of health in a person, group, or population and is assessed by objective measures such as morbidity, mortality, life expectancy. |
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What are the three components that make up Socio-Economic Status? |
Income + Occupation + Education = Socio-Economic Status |
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Define Socio-Economic Status |
Someone's SES is their relative position within a society that is a combined measure of their income, occupation, and their education levels. |
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What is the difference between morbidity and mortality? |
Morbidity is the rates in which a population falls ill, while mortality is the rates of death within a population. |
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What is the WHO definition of health? |
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. |
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List all of the health determinants. |
Behavioral, physical environment, social, biological. |
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List 4 examples of each determinant. |
Biological - Hormones, genetics, predisposition to disease, birth weight, glucose regulation, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, bodyweight. Behavioural - Alcohol misuse, drug use, dietary behaviour, tobacco smoking, sexual behaviour, vaccination behaviour, risk-taking behaviour, physical activity. Physical environment - Climate and climate change, urban design & infrastructure, access to recreational facilities, housing, work environment, air quality. Social - Socio-economic status, stress, access to healthcare, social exclusion, food security, early life experiences, employment & unemployment. |
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Define burden of disease. |
Burden of disease is the impact created by a health problem and is measured with DALYs. |
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Define YLL |
Years of life lost is the amount of years that have been lost as a result of premature death. |
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Define YLD |
Years of life lost due to disability is the amount of years lost due to an illness or injury. |
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Define DALY |
Disability adjusted life years is calculated by adding YLLs and YLD and is a measurement used for burden of disease. |
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List and explain 3 disadvantages for Indigenous populations in relation to the determinants. |
Indigenous populations experience higher rates of: Biological - Overweight/Obesity - Hypertension - Impaired glucose regulation - Low birth weight Behavioural - Higher rates of smoking, alcohol and drug misuse. - Lower levels of physical activity. - Diets higher in fat. - Unsafe sexual practices. Physical Environment - Poor quality housing. - Overcrowding. - Lack of access to healthcare, recreational facilities. - Poor infrastructure, such as poor water quality and sanitation. Social - Low SES - Social Exclusion - Food insecurity - Poor early life experiences - Cultural barriers to accessing healthcare. |
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List and explain 3 differences between males and females in relation to the determinants. |
Males experience higher rates of: Biological - Overweight - Hypertension - Genetic dispositions (hormones, sex, fat deposition) Behavioural - Smoking - Alcohol misuse - Less healthy diets - Less likely to visit doctors - Less likely to take notice of health promotions - Take more risks Physical Environment - Dangerous work environments (building sites, mines, exposure to hazardous chemicals.) - UV exposure from working outdoors. - Increased time on roads. Social - Experience worsened impacts of unemployment - Higher SES status - Gender roles - Peer pressure |
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Explain the role of insulin. |
Insulin acts as a key that allows cells to use glucose as energy, removing it from the bloodstream. |
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Explain the results of impaired glucose regulation. |
Insulin is not able to remove glucose from the bloodstream. Because of this, it remains in the bloodstream and cannot exit which ultimately leads to type 2 diabetes. |
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Define 'Optimal Health' |
Optimal health refers to the best level of health an individual can realistically attain. |
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What does one DALY equal? |
One DALY is equal to one year of life lost due to premature death or through living with a disease or disability. |
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What is the DALY equation? |
Years of life lost + Years of life lost due to disability = DALY (YLL + YLD = DALY) |
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What is the life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy for female and male Australians? |
Male - Life Expectancy: 81 HALE: 71 Female - Life Expectancy: 85 HALE: 74 |
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How is BMI found and what is it used for? |
Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to gauge whether or not someone is a healthy weight. It is found by dividing body weight (kg) by height (m) squared. |
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What is the healthy weight BMI range? |
18.6-24.9 |
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What is the obese BMI range? |
30 and over |
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What is the disadvantage of using BMI to determine if someone is a healthy weight? |
Body Mass Index does not account for bone or muscle mass. Someone who may have a lot of muscle will be considered obese, which will not be accurate. |
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What is the 'normal' range for systolic and diastolic blood pressure? |
Systolic: <120 Diastolic: <80 |
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What is the 'high' range for systolic and diastolic blood pressure? |
Systolic: 140-180 Diastolic: 90-110 |
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What is 'hypertension'? |
Hypertension is a state of consistently high blood pressure. |
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List 3 risk factors attributable to hypertension. |
- Obesity - Lack of physical activity - Stress - Smoking - Excessive alcohol consumption - Genetic predisposition - Poor diet (in particular, excess sodium) |
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List 3 risk factors of impaired glucose regulation. |
- Genetic predisposition - Stress - Pregnancy - Lack of exercise - Smoking - Being overweight - A diet high in fat - Excessive alcohol consumption - High LDL cholesterol - High blood pressure |
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What health concerns are there in relation to low birth weight? |
- High blood pressure - Type 2 diabetes - Cardiovascular disease |
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List 2 possible causes of low birth weight? |
- Premature birth - Age of the mother (mothers below 15 years and above 45 have higher rates of low birth weight) - Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and drug use during pregnancy - Illness of mother during pregnancy (Infections of the uterus may lead to early labour, others may cause slowed growth) |
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Why are women at higher risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures as they get older? |
Oestrogen (female hormone) helps maintain a healthy bone density. When a woman reaches menopause, oestrogen levels will decrease which weakens bones, increasing the risk of osteoporosis and bone breakage. |
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What are 3 reasons employment may be poor for one's health? |
- Levels of stress - Relationships that someone has with the general public, work colleagues and superiors - Financial position of the company - Demands of the job |
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Why might unemployed people have higher rates of lung cancer? |
Unemployed people have less of their time taken up from their job. They do not need to wait for breaks to have a cigarette and may/will do it more often than if they had a job. |
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What is the difference between social exclusion and social isolation? |
Social exclusion is the segregation experienced if they are not adequately participating in their society, while isolation refers to not being in regular contact with others. |
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List 3 possible causes of social exclusion. |
- Poor physical and mental health - Disability - Inability to access services such as health care, education and employment - Family breakdown - Homelessness - Low income - Relative poverty (the amount of money one must make to adequately survive) |
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List 3 possible causes of social isolation. |
- Geographical barriers - Disability - Illness - Lack of transport |
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What are 3 physical results of stress? |
- Decreased protein synthesis, intestinal movement, immune and allergic response systems. - Increased stomach acids - Increased metabolism, faster breathing, higher heart rate. - Blood clots faster. - Blood pressure increases. - Localized swelling, redness, heat, pain. - Production of blood sugar increases. - Levels of cholesterol and fatty acids in blood are increased for energy systems. |
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List 3 outcomes from prolonged periods of stress. |
Higher rates of: - Infections - Diabetes - High blood pressure - Heart attack - Stroke - Depression - Aggression |
